{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff1\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi31507\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset1\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f53\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f54\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f55\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f56\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f57\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f59\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f60\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}
{\f62\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f63\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f64\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f65\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}
{\f66\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f67\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;
\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;
\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp \fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }
\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 Normal;}{\s1\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink15 \sqformat heading 1;}{\s2\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink16 \sqformat heading 2;}{
\s3\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink17 \sqformat heading 3;}{\s4\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \sqformat heading 4;}{\s5\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink19 \sqformat heading 5;}{
\s6\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink20 \sqformat heading 6;}{\s7\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink21 \sqformat heading 7;}{\s8\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel7\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink22 \sqformat heading 8;}{
\s9\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink23 \sqformat heading 9;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs32\lang1024\langfe1024\kerning32\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 
Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 4 Char;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs26\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink6 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink7 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 7 Char;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof 
\sbasedon10 \slink8 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 Heading 8 Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink9 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 
Heading 9 Char;}{\s24\qc \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs36\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext24 \slink25 \sqformat Title;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs32\lang1024\langfe1024\kerning28\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink24 \slocked \spriority10 Title Char;}{
\s26\qc \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext26 \slink27 \sqformat Subtitle;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \spriority11 Subtitle Char;}{
\s28\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\f1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext28 \slink29 header;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink28 \slocked \ssemihidden Header Char;}{\*\cs30 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 
page number;}{\s31\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext31 \slink32 Body Text 2;}{\*\cs32 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof \sbasedon10 \slink31 \slocked \ssemihidden Body Text 2 Char;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid1454011}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0
\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title The Doctrine of Confession and Absolution}{\author library}{\operator www.coptics.info}{\creatim\yr2010\mo11\dy22\hr18\min54}
{\revtim\yr2010\mo11\dy22\hr18\min54}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages9}{\nofwords6651}{\nofchars30410}{\*\company Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary}{\nofcharsws36988}{\vern32771}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}
\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl720\margr720\margt1080\margb1080\gutter0\ltrsect 
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\lytprtmet\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120
\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\rsidroot1454011 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1454011 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs30\insrsid1454011 \hich\af1\dbch\af31505\loch\f1 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs30\insrsid1454011 \hich\af1\dbch\af31505\loch\f1 9}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs30\insrsid1454011 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs36\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Doctrine of Confession and Absolution
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 From the Papers of Siegbert W. Becker
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Introduction
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Judging by the requests for conference essays over the years, I would conclude that many of our teachers find some difficulty in presenting the doctrine of the ministry of keys and confession, or as I am accustomed to calling it, the office o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
f the keys and confession. When I look back to my own days in the parish ministry, which is now a long, long time ago, it seems to me that I can recall having a certain feeling of dissatisfaction with my own presentation of this subject to my confirmation
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
classes. In the Missouri Synod, and I think that this is true also in some areas of the Wisconsin Synod, and occasionally also in the writings of Dr. Martin Luther, the discussion of the office of the keys centered chiefly on the practice of excommunicati
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n, often as something divorced from and totally distinct from the ordinary preaching of law and gospel. Both the intersynodical catechism and the Gausewitz catechism are written in a way that would tend to discourage such an emphasis, but in my younger ye
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 rs my own attention tended to be focused on the words \'93\loch\f0 
I believe that, when the called ministers of Christ deal with us according to His divine command, especially when they exclude manifest and impenitent sinners from the Christian congregation, and, aga\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 n when they absolve those who repent of their sins and are willing to amend, this is as valid and certain, in heaven, also, as if Christ, our dear Lord, dealt with us Himself.\'94
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The word, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 especially\'94\loch\f0  in that sentence ought to alert us against the danger of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 limiting the discussion of the ministry of the keys to the subject of excommunication of the manifestly impenitent and the absolution of those who repent after falling into manifest sin. It seems to me, however, that the tendency to do this stems from a 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
onscious or perhaps even an unconscious awareness of this that the basic subject matter of the fifth chief part has already been treated in great detail in the first and second chief parts of the catechism. The forgiveness that is spoken of in this part o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the catechism is essentially no different from that which has already been treated in detail in the second and third articles. The retention of sins discussed here is in essence no different from the message proclaimed in the first chief part.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The same th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing can be said also in regard to confession. When the poster speaks the word of absolution in private, individual or general confession, he is not manufacturing a new kind of forgiveness, different in some way from the forgiveness proclaimed in the preac
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing of the Gospel. While the confessional booth and the general atmosphere in the church edifice may add to the solemnity of the rite, yet the forgiveness given here is no more real and no more efficacious than it would be in totally different circumstanc
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s or in a much less formal outward context.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The History of the Fifth Chief Part
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Perhaps it would be of help to review the history of the fifth chief part of Luther\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Small Catechism. Luther began work on the catechism early in his career as the reformer \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the church. Between 1520 and 1525 he produced several books intended to be instructional aids for both children and adults. In these he treated only the Ten Commandments, the Creed, and the Lord\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Prayer. Later in 1528, he preached three series of serm\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ns on the Ten Commandments, the Creed, the Lord\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Prayer, Baptism, and the Lord\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Supper. The material which he had produced in these sermons became the basis of the Large Catechism which he issued in the following year, and it is interesting to note that\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
in the Short Preface he speaks of the Large Catechism as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 this sermon.\'94\loch\f0 
 It is of some interest to us also in connection with the subject of this essay to note that the Large Catechism to this day contains only five chief parts, the section on the ministry\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the keys and confession being omitted.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The first edition of the Small Catechism also contained only five chief parts. And when a section on confession was first added it was part of what we today think of as the appendix to the Catechism. In this append
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ix the form of confession was printed together with the litany. It seems obvious that Luther at first added this liturgical form of confession to the catechism as a part of the liturgy of the church by which the people were to be guided in making their co
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
fession to the pastor. It is also rather obvious that the confession spoken of here was the formal, private confession to the pastor, which has in large measure disappeared, at least in any fixed liturgical form, from our section of the Lutheran Church. W
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ether this is good or bad must be a matter of private opinion since it is not commanded by God.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It was not long, however, before Luther added doctrinal instruction on the nature of confession to the catechism, and this, together with the earlier form of co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nfession, which might be called the liturgy of confession, was inserted between the sections on baptism and the Lord\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Supper. Of this form of confession nothing survives in the inter\-
synodical catechism and only a small fraction in the Gausewitz catechis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , namely, the wording of the absolution pronounced by the pastor.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The section on the ministry of the keys was not added by Luther and to this day it is not printed in the Small Catechism as it appears in the Book of Concord and is therefore not a part of t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he Lutheran confessions. These three questions and their answers, however, very correctly reflect the teaching of the Bible and Luther\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s theology, accurately reproducing thoughts of Luther expressed elsewhere. But they were not formu\-lated by Luther in th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 form in which they appear in the Small Catechism we use today. There is a certain overlapping in the two sections of the fifth chief part, and as a result it is not surprising that the retention of sins or excommunication should be stressed in dealing wi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h the first section, dealing with the keys, and the forgiveness of sins or absolution should be emphasized in the second section which deals with con\-
fession and absolution. It may be that this also contributes to the difficulty of teaching this part of t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e catechism, for we are really not presenting something new in the section on confession which has not already been treated in the section on the ministry, and yet it only seems natural to expect something different, since it appears as a separate topic.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Definition of the Keys
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The term \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ministry of the keys,\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 office of the keys,\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 as you are all aware is based on the promise of Christ to Peter, \'93\loch\f0 I will give unto thee the keys of the king\-dom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven\'94\loch\f0 
 (Mt. 16:19). This is the only passage of the Bible that speaks of the keys of the kingdom. However, the Savior gave the office or ministry of the keys to all the apost\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
es and to his whole church on earth when He said, at the conclusion of His instructions regarding our deal\-\hich\f0 ing with the brother who has sinned against us, \'93\loch\f0 
Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 hall be loosed in heaven.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
When the Savior here speaks of binding and loosing, He is speaking of the power to forgive and retain sins. Luther demonstrates that very clearly in his essay on the keys in which he shows how untenable is the papistic claim that
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 to bind means to give commands and to loose means to excuse from obedience. Even the Roman church agreed that the keys included the power to forgive and retain sins. And even if some may find these words unclear, yet all doubt as to the Savior\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s meaning \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 s surely removed by the passage quoted in the Small Catechism: \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them: and whosesoever sins ye retain, they are retained.\'94
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 It might be pointed out in passing that the passage does not say, \'93\loch\f0 Whosesoever sins \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ye remit, they will be remitted unto them,\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 as though the forgiveness somehow followed the word of absolution. The phrases \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 they are remitted\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 they are re\-\hich\f0 tained\'94\loch\f0 
 are perfect tenses both in the original and in the English text, even though some may i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  English mistake them for a present tense.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Why the power of forgiving and retaining sins should be called \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the keys of the kingdom of heaven\'94\loch\f0  is surely clear to all of us. Adam and Eve were driven out of para\-
dise and reentry was barred by the angel with t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 he flaming sword that turned every way as a result of the fall into sin, giving concrete expression to the declaration of the prophet Isaiah, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Your iniquities have separated between you and your God\'94\loch\f0  (Is. 59:2). The door of heaven is still closed and lock\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d to everyone whose sins still rest on him. But the door of heaven is unlocked and opened wide to all those whose sins are forgiven.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Nature of Forgiveness
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That the door of heaven stands wide open is true for all men, also for those who refuse to ente\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
r because of unbelief. We will never understand the true nature of the ministry of the keys unless we first have a clear understanding of the nature of God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s forgiveness.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The forgiveness of sins is not a potential fact that becomes a reality only when it i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s proclaimed in the Gospel and accepted by faith. This ought to be crystal clear to all members of a church in which the doctrine of universal, objective justifica\-tion has been so definitely and emphatically proclaimed as in the Wisconsin Synod.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 When the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Lord Jesus Christ came out of the grave into which his dead body had been laid on the first Good Friday He \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 was raised for our justification,\'94\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  or, as we might paraphrase the last prepositional phrase, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 because we had been justified.\'94\loch\f0  His resurrection was \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he solemn, formal declaration of God that all the sins for which He had suffered and died had been fully expiated and atoned for, that the debt which man\-kind had owed to God was fully paid by the holy life and innocent death of God\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s own Son, that God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rath was appeased and that His justice was satisfied.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 St. Paul reminds us of this again in 2 Corinthians 5, where he writes, \'93\loch\f0 God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto Himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them, and hath committed unto us the wor
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 d of reconciliation.\'94\loch\f0  In Christ, God has truly for\-
given the sins of all men, and by committing the word of reconciliation to us, He gave us the right, the authority and the duty of proclaiming the full forgiveness of God to all the world. The proclamatio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  of the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 word of reconciliation\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and the ministry of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the keys\'94\loch\f0 
 are essentially two terms denoting the same thing. Christ gave the same assignment also to the apostles when He told them to preach the Gospel to every creature, to teach all nations, and to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
reach repentance and forgiveness to all nations beginning at Jerusalem (Mt.28:19; Mk.16:15; Lk.24:44).
\par \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 To preach the Gospel\'94\loch\f0  \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  that phrase at its very center denotes the proclamation of the good news that for the sake of the bitter sufferings and death of
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Christ, God has already long ago forgiven the sins of all men. If men are lost it will only be be\-
cause through their unbelief they have denied themselves the comfort, the hope, the joy and the rest that only the message of the Gospel can give.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Bindi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ng Key
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Our sinful reason may ask, \'93\loch\f0 
If it is true that God has indeed forgiven the sins of all men and there is no man on earth whose sins are not covered by the righteousness of Christ, then why does the Savior still speak of retaining sins and why does H\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 e say, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven.\'94
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 For those who understand the proper distinction between law and gospel this ques\-tion presents no problem. When God revealed His glory to Moses at Mt. Sinai He pro\-claimed that He was the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 God who forgives all sin and the God who punishes all sin. And only those who have in faith stood at the foot of Calvary\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s cross and at the open grave in Joseph\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s garden where God punished and forgave at one and the same time and in one and the same act \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 an begin to understand how He can do both.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 And to this day God remains the same God that appeared to Moses, the God who forgives and the God who punishes. Because of that He wants His messengers, and es\-pecially those whom He has called into the ministry o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f the Word in church or school, to proclaim not only the forgiveness of sins but also the retention of sins. In the termi\-\hich\f0 nology of the Lutheran confessions this is what is meant by \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
preaching the Gospel.\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  The Apology of the Augsburg Confession says, \'93\loch\f0 The\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sum of the preaching of the Gospel is this, namely, to convict of sin, and to offer for Christ\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 
s sake the remission of sins and righteousness, and the Holy Ghost, and eternal life, and that as regenerate men we should do good works\'94\loch\f0  (XII, 29). Yet Melanch\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hon goes on to say that when the Word which con\-\hich\f0 victs of sin is taught alone, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 it is the doctrine of the law, not of the Gospel\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (XII, 34). Martin Luther speaks in the same way. He writes, \'93\loch\f0 
To bind and to loose is clearly nothing else than to proclaim and\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
apply the gospel. For what is it to loose, if not to announce the forgiveness of sins before God? What is it to bind, except to withdraw the gospel and to declare the retention of sins\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (LW 40, 28). But to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
withdraw the gospel\'94\loch\f0  is to proclaim the law.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 If t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hey are not to forget how much they need the forgiveness of sins freely offered in Christ, all Christians need constantly to hear the law which reminds them daily of the hopelessness of their lives apart from Christ. Because of the coldness and indifferen
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e of their sinful hearts and the utter and total depravity and perversity of their old Adam they need to be constantly reminded of the wrath and punishment of God that strikes all sinners.

\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 When we remind the Christian of this fact that He is a sinner and t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat he has as such deserved the wrath and punishment of God we hardly sense that we are in essence employing the key that binds. A sinner whose sins are truly forgiven is from the stand\-
point of the Gospel, no longer a sinner but a saint. Yet even though \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e is a saint, a sanctified person, a holy person, a person without sin, yet he is still a sinner, and he must be told again and again that he is a sinner.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 For human reason this creates a problem. To speak of a sinning saint or a holy sinner is, in one way,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 just as illogical as it would be to speak of a square circle or a round square. Yet Luther was right when he said that the Christian is \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 simul justus et peccator,\'94\loch\f0 
 at one and the same time righteous and sinful, innocent and guilty,\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 innocent because he is\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in Christ\'94\loch\f0 
 through his baptism, guilty because he still lives in the sinful flesh, which is never converted and can only be drowned by daily contri\-tion and repentance.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 When a Christian is told that he is a sinner, he does not object, for he knows both fr\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
om Scripture and from the testimony of his own conscience that this is all too true. Moreover, he knows that it is good for him to be reminded of this, and to be reminded also of the fearful punishment he has deserved by his sins, for it makes him appreci
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
te so much more fully and deeply the glorious message of forgiveness in the gospel. Preached and heard in that kind of context it really belongs to the preaching of the gospel, as the Apology says. Yet, strictly speaking, it is the key that binds, and the
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Savior Himself promises to stand behind our preaching of the law as He promises to stand behind our preaching of the Gospel, when He says, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven.\'94
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Very briefly then we may summarize by saying that in gi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ving us the key that binds the Savior gives us the right and the authority to preach the law and in the key that looses He gives His church the right and the authority to preach the Gospel. In His words about the keys the Savior teaches us that He is not 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ar removed from the preach\-ing and teaching of the church. He promises to stand behind the words that His messen\-\hich\f0 gers proclaim. As Luther says, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
He wants to have their words honored and not scorned, as though He were speaking personally from heaven\'94\loch\f0  (LW 40\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, 315). And if the words are honored and not scorned they will have an effect on the whole person of man, his intellect, his emotions, and his will, for the message is a personal message that brings a man face to face with the issues of life and death. Th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  message of the law cannot be believed without bringing fear; the message of the Gospel cannot be believed without removing fear. Luther says, \'93\loch\f0 
The intention of the, key which binds is that we heed its threatenings and thereby come to fear God....The inte\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
tion of the key which looses is to make us believe its consolation and promise, and so learn to love God and receive a joyful, confident, and peaceful heart\'94\loch\f0 
 (LW 40, 376). And even though Luther usually speaks of the keys in connection with excommunicatio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, yet he demonstrates clearly that he understands the general nature of the keys as affecting all Christians when he writes, \'93\loch\f0 
He has given us this remedy, the key which binds, so that we might not remain too confident in our sins, arrogant, barbarous, wit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
out God, and the key which looses, that we should not despair in our sins. Thus aided we should stay on a middle road, between arrogance and faint\-\hich\f0 heartedness, in genuine humility and confidence\'94\loch\f0  (LW 40, 373).
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Place of Penitence
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
While it is true that the office of the keys, the ministry or power of the keys, is exercised by us whenever the law and the Gospel are being preached and taught, yet in the fifth chief part of the catechism special emphasis is being laid on the individua
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  personal application of law and gospel to the penitent and impenitent sinner.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It is very important to understand the place of penitence or repentance in this whole process. It hardly seems necessary in a group such as this to repeat that repentance consis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ts of contrition, or terrors smiting the conscience through the knowledge of sin, fear of God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s wrath and punishment, and faith in Christ by which that fear is overcome. At times, however, the term repentance may denote either of its two parts, either con\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ri\-tion or faith.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Repentance literally is a change of mind. Contrition may be defined as a change of mind about sin. The sinner, as sinner, always sees sin as something attractive, as something that will bring him profit of some kind, as Eve saw that the t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ree was a tree to be desired to make one wise. The contrite sinner, however, has had a change of mind about sin. What he once saw as a source of pleasure or profit, he now sees as a source of punishment and grief and loss, as something by which he has bro
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ght the judgment of eternal separation from God down on his own head.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Faith, on the other hand, may be described as a change of mind about salvation. At its very heart it may be described as that change of mind that takes place when the sinner who wanted t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
o be saved and thought that he could be saved by his own works recog\-nized that he can he saved only by the free grace of God in Christ.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Neither contrition nor faith, however, dare ever be viewed either as a cause or a condition of salvation. God does not \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
forgive men because they are sorry for their sins or because they believe. Nothing on our part is necessary to move God to forgive us. He has already done that long ago, long before we were born, before we were sorry, before we believed, as Luther says, b
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fore we ever thought of this. And in applying the keys we must be careful not to leave the impression that by his penitence or by his faith the sinner somehow has earned God\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s forgiveness, or had at least made it possible for God to for\-give him. In fact,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
we ought to go out of our way to make this clear to those whom we teach, because Lutherans too are born with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 opinio legis, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 with the idea that there is something in us which moves God to be merciful to us and to forgive us. The last good works a Luthera\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n is tempted to offer to God as a meritorious effort on his part is his contrition and his faith.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Contrition, however, is important and necessary. It is not necessary to make us worthy of forgiveness nor to make God love us. But it is necessary to make us \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
realize how much we need the forgiveness offered to us in the Gospel. It is necessary to make us desire and yearn for the forgiveness won and merited for us by the work of Christ. The man who does not realize that he is a sinner and who does not understan
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that by his sin he has deserved the eternal damnation of God, cannot know how important it is for him to find a Savior. To know this is to know the \{\hich\f0 
terrors smiting the conscience through the knowledge of sin,\'94\loch\f0  of which the confessions speak. This need n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t be an emotional storm or neurotic fear, in fact, in normal Christians, and even in normal unbelievers it will usually not be that kind of terror, but it will nevertheless be a true consciousness of need. While the Roman Church did Luther a great disserv
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ce by hiding the message of the Gospel, we ought not to forget that it did him a great service in teaching him to ask day and night, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
How will I ever find a gracious God?\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  It was out of such experience that Luther learned to write later, \'93\loch\f0 The key which bi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ds carries for\-\hich\f0 
ward the work of the law. It is profitable to the sinner inasmuch as it reveals to him his sins, admonishes him to fear God, causes him to tremble, and moves him to repentance, and not to destruction\'94\loch\f0  (LW 40, 373).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 If we understand this clea\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rly we will also know how unnecessary it is, from the point of view of man\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s need, to ask whether our \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 sorrow
\'94\loch\f0  over our sins flows from the fear of punishment or from love of God. We are not concerned here with human merit or with what ought to be. The Ro\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
an Church may say that there is little merit in sorrow that flows from fear of punishment and that only sorrow that flows out of love is truly meritorious. Even though the Lutheran Church has once and for all rejected that soul destroying heresy in the co
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
fessions of our church, yet again and again we hear also Lutherans express the Ronan opinion that if we truly expect to have forgiveness we must be sorry out of love for God. With the Lutheran confessions we might well ask, \'93\loch\f0 
Is this not teaching uncertain\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 and improper things concerning repentance?\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 (Apol. XII, 9; Trigl. p.255). Sorrow out of fear serves as well as sorrow out of love to make the sinner understand his need for a Savior and to long for forgiveness and to ask with Luther, \'93\loch\f0 How shall I ever fin\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  a gracious God?\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 And faith, too, is a necessary part of the process, yet, again, it is not neces\-sary to bring forgiveness into being. We need clearly to remember that the word of for\-
giveness both brings faith into existence and is accepted by faith. As \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
an objective truth to be proclaimed to all men, saints and sinners, believers and unbelievers, forgiveness does not depend on faith. In our teaching we must guard against leaving the impression that forgiveness becomes a reality only for the believer. On 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he other hand, it must also be made clear that only those who believe have this forgiveness as a personal posses\-
sion. Only those who believe the message of the Gospel will find relief from the terrors of conscience in the proper, God\_appointed way. Only \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hose who believe will find comfort and hope and joy and finally eternal peace and rest with God in the message of God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s free and full pardon in Christ. When we ask the penitent sinner whether he believes in Christ, we ought not to ask this as a condition \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat must be fulfilled before his sin can be forgiven but as a reminder that it is only by believing the message that the blessings offered there become his own. And if he does not believe it before the absolution is spoken, we hope and pray that he will b
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 lieve it after the forgiveness is announced. In that spirit Luther writes, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
The loosing key carries forward the work of the gospel. It invites to grace and mercy. It comforts and promises life and salvation through the forgiveness of sins\'94\loch\f0  (LW 40, 373).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 applying the keys, therefore, we must always take care that those to whom our ministry is extended are not taught to look into their own hearts to find there the ground of certainty concerning forgiveness, life, and salvation. As Luther says, \'93
\loch\f0 The keys o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  the forgiveness of sins are not based on our own repentance or worthiness, as they (that is, the Romanists) wrongly teach\'94\loch\f0 
 (LW 40, 364). The certainty which is truly Christian faith must always rest only and alone on the words and promises of God.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Ap\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
plication of the Keys in Confession and Absolution
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
If the doctrines of the Bible regarding forgiveness, contrition, and faith are already understood, the practical application of the keys should not present a problem.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Our assignment as pastors and teacher\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
s, to whom the public administration of the keys has been committed by the call of the church, is to proclaim both law and gospel as clearly and as forcefully as we possibly can. Luther says that the keys \'93\loch\f0 
apply to the needs of despondent and proud sinner\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 
 (LW 40, 54). And since we cannot look into the hearts of sinners to see whether they are despondent or proud, we can in most cases not know the spiritual needs of each single child in our classroom or of ever parishioner in the pew.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We know, however, tha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t all of them are sinners who can easily become guilty of pride, and we know also that they easily become prey to despair. To keep them from going off into the ditch on either side of the road we simply teach and preach both law and gospel side by side an
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  leave it to the Holy Ghost to apply the message to the heart.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 For this reason also we for the most part in our church employ the general con\-fession of sins and the general absolution. Nowhere has the Lord commanded us to pry into the secrets of the heart
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s of our fellowmen. From the beginning the Lutheran Church has opposed every effort to force the sinner to recount and reveal all the specific de\-
tails of his sinfulness in auricular confession. Even when private confession was main\-tained and the sinner \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
as encouraged to speak of the specific sins that troubled his conscience, it was not made a law that every known sin must be confessed nor was a com\-
plete and detailed confession ever made a condition of forgiveness. In the early days of the Wisconsin Syn\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d when attempts were made by some conservative Lutherans to impose the practice of private confession on the church, our Synod resisted these legalistic attempts. It may be true, as is charged by some, that we have at times been guilty of what is called a
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 cavalier treatment\'94\loch\f0 
 of private confession, but that charge has a hollow ring to it when it comes from men who would seek to entangle us again in this yoke of bondage.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the formal worship and liturgy of our church, therefore, we in our Synod have usually\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 been satisfied with the general confession in which the assembled Christians confess their sins to each other, to the pastor, and to God in either the lesser con\-
fession or the greater confession which is used in the communion service. In many of our con\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
regations even the custom of asking the assembled congregation whether this is a sincere confession has been dispensed with, and the pastor pronounces the general absolution immediately after the confession has been concluded. All this is also an example 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f the office of the keys being applied.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There are, however, instances when we are called upon to deal with individual members of the flock, whether in church or school, and with specific manifest sins.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 While the formal use of private confession as a part o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f our liturgical practice is very rare in our church and perhaps non\_
existent, yet there is and there ought to be a great deal of informal private confession and absolution. Children in the grade school and high schools of our church ought to be free to d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
scuss their private prob\-
lems and concerns with their pastors and their teachers. (It goes without saying that it must be kept in mind that the ministry is a united ministry and that it would be the height of disorder if the servants of the Word are playe
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 off against each other. But that is another problem). What is today called pastoral counseling is in large measure, where it is properly engaged in, essentially the same thing as private confession and absolution. And where the pastoral relationship betw
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
en pastor and people and also between teacher and pupil are what they ought to be, there will be many cases of such private, person to person, one to one dealings, and for the most part we will be using the loosing key that assures the individual of the f
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rgiveness of his or her sins.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Excommunication
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
There will also be times when it will become necessary to use the binding key in an individual case. Just as at times a specific sin will trouble a Christian and move him to confess that sin to his pastor or \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to one of his fellow\_Christians, so it becomes the duty of a pastor or any Christian at times to call some specific manifest sin to the attention of a guilty fellow\_
Christian. At first such a reminder will be intended to call the sinner to the realization\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
that his sin poses a real danger to him and may well lead to eternal damnation in hell. If this verbal application of the law fails to have its desired effect, a pastor may conclude that the correct pastoral action would be to suspend such a person from t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Lord\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Table. By this action, which ought never to be taken lightly or imposed arbitrarily, the preaching of the law becomes very con\-
crete and practical. It is one way in which the seriousness of the situation may be emphasized.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 If even this does not ha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ve the desired effect of bringing the sinner to a con\-
fession of his guilt and to repentance and a desire for forgiveness, the pastor and the congregation will, if they truly have the welfare of the sinner at heart, proceed to declare that the sinner by h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s manifest sin and manifest impenitence has shown that he is no longer a believing child of God and that by his unbelief he has made it impossible for the Christian church to recognize him as a fellow\_
member of the body of Christ, that he is, in other wor\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 s, a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 heathen man and a publican.\'94
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This is the harshest proclamation of law which a Christian congregation can use. It, too, is intended to bring the sinner to a confession of his sin and arouse in him a desire for forgiveness. It is therefore a lack of Ch
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ristian concern to let such a serious matter drag out so long that the sinner becomes even more hardened in his impenitence and unbelief and no longer cares whether he is recognized as a Christian or not. The congre\-
gation and the pastor apply the binding\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 key in a formal way by threatening the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 hardened sinner with hell,\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 as Luther puts it (LW 40, 329), in the hope that thereby the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 terrors smiting the conscience through the knowledge of sin\'94\loch\f0  might be aroused in his heart and that he be driven by his fear \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o the cross of Christ where alone forgiveness is to be found.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It happens at times that a sinner being dealt with makes it impossible for the pastor and the congregation to carry a case to its con\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
clusion. He may refuse to meet with the pastor or the church elders or he may even announce his own withdrawal from the congregation. If all that occurs in a setting that makes it clear that the action is a manifestation of unbelief and a lack of contriti
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n, we often say that the person involved has excommunicated himself. To tell him this is in essence to use the binding key once more and where it is possible for us to tell him this, it is for all intents and purposes exactly the same thing that we do whe
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 we excommunicate him. Really the only difference is that the person by refusing to discuss the matter at all has speeded up the process. Where it becomes impossible for one reason or another to tell him any\-
thing, it is, of course, impossible to proclaim\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
either law or gospel to him, and the exercise of the keys ceases. We can then only hope and pray that some other Christian will have the opportunity to take over and make the matter his concern.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Another type of suspension has become a matter of concern for\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  some of our Wis\-consin Synod people because of unusual circumstances. We know that it is God
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s will that Christian congregations should be united in doctrine and also that Christians should not continue to listen to or to support false teachers. When mem\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ers of a con\-gregation or of a Synod falsely accuse the congregation or the Synod of false doctrine and refuse in spite of all admonition to retract the charges, it finally becomes neces\-
sary to apply Romans 16:17, which tells us to avoid those who teach \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 alsely. It ought to be self\_
evident that Christians ought not to desire to belong to a church which they accuse of acting and teaching contrary to God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Word. And while it is our duty as Christian congregations and a Lutheran Synod to listen to admonition
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and to test our doctrine again and again by God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Word, yet such charges if sustained and unretracted must lead to a break in fellowship. When those who make such accusations do not with\-draw from the congregation voluntarily, but actually wish to continu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 their membership in the congregation and thereby keep the congregation in turmoil and harm the cause of the Gospel, they must be told finally that the bond of fellowship has been broken. We may not be ready to say that they are manifest and impenitent si
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ners. We may even recognize that they are people with an honest, even though misguided, zeal for the Word of God, and for that reason will not be ready to declare that they are impenitent sinners, but we must recognize that church fellowship between us an
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 them is impossible. This action is then called suspension of fellowship, and the word suspend is used in preference to severance of fellowship to indicate our hope that fellowship might be reestablished.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af31505\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 However, it should be noted that all these terms, s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
uspension from communion, excommunication, and suspension from fellowship are ecclesiastical terms and their use or non\_
use ought not to become a matter of dispute. So long as the keys are used and used properly we ought not to demand that the ecclesiasti\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 al forms employed be every\-
where alike. Also in this matter it is true that there are no ceremonial laws in the New Testament.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Transfer and Release
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In using the ministry of the keys Christian pastors and congregations must always bear in mind that no con\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
gregation of the Christian church exists in a vacuum. When Christians move to another area where their former congregation can no longer serve them with the ministry of the keys, the congregation will desire to do its utmost to see to it that they are ser
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ed and served well with both law and gospel. Therefore we recommend them and transfer them to another congregation in fellowship with us, or, if there is no such congregation accessible to them, we ought to urge and encourage them to establish an orthodox
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 congretation.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 If for some reason or other they cannot or do not wish to join another orthodox congregation we are faced with a problem. If it is a matter of deliberate disregard of God\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Word we should exercise that degree of church discipline possible und\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
er the circumstances. If it is a matter of ignorance or weakness that we are not able to correct, and they request dismissal from membership, we usually grant such people a release. Personally, I would prefer it if we would not call it a release, but that
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
we would tell such people that they are endangering their souls and the souls of their children by cutting their ties with an orthodox church. I believe that we are going too far, however, if we say that the only way one can be separated from an orthodox 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ongregation is by death, by transfer to another orthodox congregation, or by excom\-munication, and that we must therefore excommunicate all those who leave our fellow\-
ship to affiliate with a congregation not in confessional fellowship with us.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 One more po\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
int should be considered. We must recognize a proper excommunication from any Christian congregation, even if it is not in fellowship with us, as valid, and we have a right to expect this also from them that they will recognize our congrega\-tion\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s excommu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ication. It seems to me that we owe it to them at least to notify them in some way that our former members were not under church discipline at the time they withdrew from membership. If this is the only purpose the so\_\hich\f0 called \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 release\'94\loch\f0  serves, it might be \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 j\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ustified but I still wish that we could find some other, more accurately descriptive term.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\noproof0\insrsid1454011 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\noproof0\insrsid1454011 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In all these matters we must bear in mind that our aim in exercising the keys is always to promote the soul\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s welfare of those whom we serve with law an\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d gospel. To convict them of sin and to bring to the contrite sinner the full assurance of com\-
plete forgiveness is the very heart of our ministry of the keys. God grant it may always be so. Amen.
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8
72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7
2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b
44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7
065bd80facb647e9e25c7fc421fd2ddb526b2e9373fed4bb902e182e97b7b461e6bfad3f010000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c00000
00360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4fc7060abb08
84a4eff7a93dfeae8bf9e194e720169aaa06c3e2433fcb68e1763dbf7f82c985a4a725085b787086a37bdbb55fbc50d1a33ccd311ba548b63095120f88d94fbc
52ae4264d1c910d24a45db3462247fa791715fd71f989e19e0364cd3f51652d73760ae8fa8c9ffb3c330cc9e4fc17faf2ce545046e37944c69e462a1a82fe353
bd90a865aad41ed0b5b8f9d6fd010000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468
656d654d616e616765722e786d6c0ccc4d0ac3201040e17da17790d93763bb284562b2cbaebbf600439c1a41c7a0d29fdbd7e5e38337cedf14d59b4b0d592c9c
070d8a65cd2e88b7f07c2ca71ba8da481cc52c6ce1c715e6e97818c9b48d13df49c873517d23d59085adb5dd20d6b52bd521ef2cdd5eb9246a3d8b4757e8d3f7
29e245eb2b260a0238fd010000ffff0300504b03041400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b0000160000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65
312e786d6cec594f6fdb3614bf0fd87720746f6327761a07758ad8b19b2d4d1bc46e871e698996d850a240d2497d1bdae38001c3ba618715d86d87615b8116d8
a5fb34d93a6c1dd0afb0475292c5585e9236d88aad3e2412f9e3fbff1e1fa9abd7eec70c1d1221294fda5efd72cd4324f1794093b0eddd1ef62fad79482a9c04
98f184b4bd2991deb58df7dfbb8ad755446282607d22d771db8b944ad79796a40fc3585ee62949606ecc458c15bc8a702910f808e8c66c69b9565b5d8a314d3c
94e018c8de1a8fa94fd05093f43672e23d06af89927ac06762a049136785c10607758d9053d965021d62d6f6804fc08f86e4bef210c352c144dbab999fb7b471
7509af678b985ab0b6b4ae6f7ed9ba6c4170b06c788a705430adf71bad2b5b057d03606a1ed7ebf5babd7a41cf00b0ef83a6569632cd467faddec9699640f671
9e76b7d6ac355c7c89feca9cccad4ea7d36c65b258a206641f1b73f8b5da6a6373d9c11b90c537e7f08dce66b7bbeae00dc8e257e7f0fd2badd5868b37a088d1
e4600ead1ddaef67d40bc898b3ed4af81ac0d76a197c86826828a24bb318f3442d8ab518dfe3a20f000d6458d104a9694ac6d88728eee2782428d60cf03ac1a5
193be4cbb921cd0b495fd054b5bd0f530c1931a3f7eaf9f7af9e3f45c70f9e1d3ff8e9f8e1c3e3073f5a42ceaa6d9c84e5552fbffdeccfc71fa33f9e7ef3f2d1
17d57859c6fffac327bffcfc793510d26726ce8b2f9ffcf6ecc98baf3efdfdbb4715f04d814765f890c644a29be408edf3181433567125272371be15c308d3f2
8acd249438c19a4b05fd9e8a1cf4cd296699771c393ac4b5e01d01e5a30a787d72cf1178108989a2159c77a2d801ee72ce3a5c545a6147f32a99793849c26ae6
6252c6ed637c58c5bb8b13c7bfbd490a75330f4b47f16e441c31f7184e140e494214d273fc80900aedee52ead87597fa824b3e56e82e451d4c2b4d32a423279a
668bb6690c7e9956e90cfe766cb37b077538abd27a8b1cba48c80acc2a841f12e698f13a9e281c57911ce298950d7e03aba84ac8c154f8655c4f2af074481847
bd804859b5e696007d4b4edfc150b12addbecba6b18b148a1e54d1bc81392f23b7f84137c2715a851dd0242a633f900710a218ed715505dfe56e86e877f0034e
16bafb0e258ebb4faf06b769e888340b103d3311da9750aa9d0a1cd3e4efca31a3508f6d0c5c5c398602f8e2ebc71591f5b616e24dd893aa3261fb44f95d843b
5974bb5c04f4edafb95b7892ec1108f3f98de75dc97d5772bdff7cc95d94cf672db4b3da0a6557f70db629362d72bcb0431e53c6066acac80d699a6409fb44d0
8741bdce9c0e4971624a2378cceaba830b05366b90e0ea23aaa241845368b0eb9e2612ca8c742851ca251ceccc70256d8d87265dd96361531f186c3d9058edf2
c00eafe8e1fc5c509031bb4d680e9f39a3154de0accc56ae644441edd76156d7429d995bdd88664a9dc3ad50197c38af1a0c16d684060441db02565e85f3b966
0d0713cc48a0ed6ef7dedc2dc60b17e92219e180643ed27acffba86e9c94c78ab90980d8a9f0913ee49d62b512b79626fb06dccee2a432bbc60276b9f7dec44b
7904cfbca4f3f6443ab2a49c9c2c41476dafd55c6e7ac8c769db1bc399161ee314bc2e75cf8759081743be1236ec4f4d6693e5336fb672c5dc24a8c33585b5fb
9cc24e1d4885545b58463634cc5416022cd19cacfccb4d30eb45296023fd35a458598360f8d7a4003bbaae25e331f155d9d9a5116d3bfb9a95523e51440ca2e0
088dd844ec6370bf0e55d027a012ae264c45d02f708fa6ad6da6dce29c255df9f6cae0ec38666984b372ab5334cf640b37795cc860de4ae2816e95b21be5ceaf
8a49f90b52a51cc6ff3355f47e0237052b81f6800fd7b802239daf6d8f0b1571a8426944fdbe80c6c1d40e8816b88b8569082ab84c36ff0539d4ff6dce591a26
ade1c0a7f669880485fd484582903d284b26fa4e2156cff62e4b9265844c4495c495a9157b440e091bea1ab8aaf7760f4510eaa69a6465c0e04ec69ffb9e65d0
28d44d4e39df9c1a52ecbd3607fee9cec7263328e5d661d3d0e4f62f44acd855ed7ab33cdf7bcb8ae889599bd5c8b3029895b6825696f6af29c239b75a5bb1e6
345e6ee6c28117e73586c1a2214ae1be07e93fb0ff51e133fb65426fa843be0fb515c187064d0cc206a2fa926d3c902e907670048d931db4c1a44959d366ad93
b65abe595f70a75bf03d616c2dd959fc7d4e6317cd99cbcec9c58b34766661c7d6766ca1a9c1b327531486c6f941c638c67cd22a7f75e2a37be0e82db8df9f30
254d30c1372581a1f51c983c80e4b71ccdd28dbf000000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000007468656d652f74
68656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73848f4d0ac2301484f78277086f6fd3ba109126dd88d0add40384e4350d363f24
51eced0dae2c082e8761be9969bb979dc9136332de3168aa1a083ae995719ac16db8ec8e4052164e89d93b64b060828e6f37ed1567914b284d262452282e3198
720e274a939cd08a54f980ae38a38f56e422a3a641c8bbd048f7757da0f19b017cc524bd62107bd5001996509affb3fd381a89672f1f165dfe514173d9850528
a2c6cce0239baa4c04ca5bbabac4df000000ffff0300504b01022d0014000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c0200001300000000000000000000000000
000000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6c504b01022d0014000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c0000000360100000b000000000000000000000000
002b0100005f72656c732f2e72656c73504b01022d00140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c00000000000000000000000000140200007468
656d652f7468656d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c504b01022d001400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b000016000000000000000000
00000000d10200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65312e786d6c504b01022d00140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000000000
00000000000000009b0900007468656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73504b050600000000050005005d010000960a00000000}
{\*\colorschememapping 3c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d22796573223f3e0d0a3c613a636c724d
617020786d6c6e733a613d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f64726177696e676d6c2f323030362f6d6169
6e22206267313d226c743122207478313d22646b3122206267323d226c743222207478323d22646b322220616363656e74313d22616363656e74312220616363
656e74323d22616363656e74322220616363656e74333d22616363656e74332220616363656e74343d22616363656e74342220616363656e74353d22616363656e74352220616363656e74363d22616363656e74362220686c696e6b3d22686c696e6b2220666f6c486c696e6b3d22666f6c486c696e6b222f3e}
{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax267\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef1\lsdunhideuseddef1\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef99{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority0 \lsdlocked0 Normal;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 7;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 8;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 9;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 1;
\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 2;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 3;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 4;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 5;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 6;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 7;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 8;
\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 9;\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 header;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority35 \lsdlocked0 caption;\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 page number;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Title;
\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 Default Paragraph Font;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Subtitle;\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 Body Text 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority22 \lsdlocked0 Strong;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority20 \lsdlocked0 Emphasis;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority59 \lsdlocked0 Table Grid;\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 Placeholder Text;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 No Spacing;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 1;
\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 Revision;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority34 \lsdlocked0 List Paragraph;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority29 \lsdlocked0 Quote;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority30 \lsdlocked0 Intense Quote;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority19 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Emphasis;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority21 \lsdlocked0 Intense Emphasis;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority31 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Reference;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority32 \lsdlocked0 Intense Reference;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority33 \lsdlocked0 Book Title;\lsdpriority37 \lsdlocked0 Bibliography;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 TOC Heading;}}{\*\datastore 0105000002000000180000004d73786d6c322e534158584d4c5265616465722e352e3000000000000000000000060000
d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff090006000000000000000000000001000000010000000000000000100000feffffff00000000feffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffdfffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffffffffffffec69d9888b8b3d4c859eaf6cd158be0f00000000000000000000000030d4
dca3a08acb01feffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000105000000000000}}<head><title>Siegbert W. Becker The Doctrine of Confession and Absolution</title></head>
	<div style="float" class="calibre">
		<!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../Contains/Banner1.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->


<div align="left">


<body  topmargin="0" dir="ltr">
<table border="0" width="979" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="163" background="../Images/Background_coptic_cross.jpg">
	<tr>
		<td width="143" height="76" align="center" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px">
		<p dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 8pt">
		<img border="0" src="../Images/Angel.jpg" width="140" height="114" align="top"></span></td>
		<td height="110" align="center" background="../Images/Background_coptic_cross.jpg"" colspan="3" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px">
		<p dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 8pt">
		<img border="0" src="../Images/coptic_last_supper.jpg" width="353" height="84"></span></td>
		<td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:1px; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:1px">
		<div align= center><span style="font-size: 8pt">
			<script type="text/javascript"><!--
google_ad_client = "pub-2211453917634364";
/* 180x150, created 6/30/11 */
google_ad_slot = "7045837757";
google_ad_width = 180;
google_ad_height = 150;
//-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
</script>
			</span></div></td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td width="143" height="49" align="center" style="border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:1px; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:1px" background="../Images/Background_coptic_cross.jpg">
		<span style="font-size: 8pt">
		<!-- AddThis Button BEGIN -->
		</span>
		<div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style ">
			<a class="addthis_button_preferred_1"><span style="font-size: 8pt">
			</span></a><span style="font-size: 8pt">
			<a class="addthis_button_preferred_2"></a>
			<a class="addthis_button_preferred_3"></a>
			<a class="addthis_button_preferred_4"></a>
			<a class="addthis_button_compact"></a></span>
			<a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style">
			<span style="font-size: 8pt"></span></a></div>
		<span style="font-size: 8pt">
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4e6431571eecfc3e"></script>
<!-- AddThis Button END -->

		</span></td>
		<td height="49" align="center" width="276" style="border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:1px; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:1px" background="../Images/Background_coptic_cross.jpg">
		<form action="http://www.google.com/cse" id="cse-search-box" target="_blank">
			<span style="font-size: 8pt"><font size="1">
			<input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-2211453917634364:f1z7bsp3bk2" />
			<input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" /></font></span>
			<span style="font-size: 8pt"><font size="1">
			<input type="text" name="q" size="21" /></font> <font size="1">
			<input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /></font></span></form>
		</td>
		<td height="49" align="center" width="243" style="border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:1px; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:1px" background="../Images/Background_coptic_cross.jpg">
		<div id="google_translate_element"></div><b>
		<span style="font-size: 8pt"><script>
function googleTranslateElementInit() {
  new google.translate.TranslateElement({
    pageLanguage: 'en'
  }, 'google_translate_element');
}
</script><script src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script>
			
			
			</span></b></td>
		<td height="49" align="center" width="165" style="border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:1px" background="../Images/Background_coptic_cross.jpg">
		<span style="font-size: 8pt">
			
			
			
			<!-- Place this tag where you want the +1 button to render -->
			</span>
		<g:plusone annotation="none"></g:plusone><span style="font-size: 8pt">

<!-- Place this render call where appropriate -->
<script type="text/javascript">
  (function() {
    var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true;
    po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js';
    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);
  })();
</script></span></td>
	</tr>
</table>

</div>

<!--webbot bot="Include" i-checksum="64144" endspan --><div align="left">
			<!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../Contains/Left3.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->
<div style="float: left; padding-right: 10px; width: 169px; position: relative; height:1758px" class="style1">
<table border="1" width="10%" style="border-width: 0px">



	<tr>
		<td align="left" style="border-style: none; border-width: medium">

<TABLE bgColor=#FFFFFF border=0 cellSpacing=0 width=144 height="850" style="border-width: 0px">
        <TBODY> 
        <TR> 
          <TD vAlign=top width=142 height="850" style="border-style: none; border-width: medium; " align="left">
			<TABLE border=0 cellPadding=2 cellSpacing=0 width=148 height="797" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="left">
				<TBODY>
					<TR>
						<TD class="style2" bgColor=#FFFFFF valign="top" height="797" bordercolor="#FFFFFF" align="center">
						<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:
 collapse;width:137px">
							<colgroup><col width="110" style="width: 83pt">
							</colgroup>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="height: 10.95pt; width: 133px; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; border-left: 1px solid; border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: .5pt solid #4F81BD; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; border-top-color:#4F81BD">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a target="_parent" title="Home page of coptics.info the source of the Coptic Orthodox teaching" href="../index.htm">
								<span style="color:white;font-weight:700;text-decoration:
  none">Home</span></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a style="text-decoration: none; color: #FFFFFF" title="Biblical topics and articles" href="../Bible/index.htm" target="_parent">Bibles</a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a style="text-decoration: none" title="Biblical topics and articles on the Bible" href="../Bible/Biblical_articles.htm" target="_parent">
								<span style="color: #FFFFFF">Biblical topics</span></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<span style="color: #FFFFFF">
								<a style="text-decoration: none" title="Biblical topics and articles" href="../Bible_Study/index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Bible Study</font></a></span></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 20px; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								&nbsp;</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 16px; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a style="text-decoration: none" title="Orthodox and Coptic Articles" href="Articles.htm" target="_parent">
								<span style="color: #FFFFFF">Articles</span></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">
								<a title="Information on the Coptic Orthodox Church (Egyptian)" style="text-decoration: none" href="../Coptics/index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Coptics</font></a></font></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a title="Orthodox Topics" style="text-decoration: none" href="../Orthodoxy/index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Orthodoxy</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">
								<a title="Articles and books of Pope Shenouda, Pope and Patriarch of the Coptic church of Alexanderia" style="text-decoration: none" href="../Pope_Shenouda/Index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Pope Shenouda</font></a></font></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a title="List of Father Matta Elmiskeen books" href="../Frmatta/Index.htm" style="text-decoration: none" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Father Matta</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">
								<a title="Books and Articles of Bishop Mattaous the Abbot of El Sourian Monastery" style="text-decoration: none" href="../Bishop_Mattaous/Index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Bishop Mattaous</font></a></font></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">
								<a title="Index of articles and books by Bishop Moussa, the Bishop of Youth of the Coptic Orthodox Church" style="text-decoration: none" href="../Bishop_Moussa/Index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Bishop Moussa</font></a></font></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a title="Writings of Bishop Alexander of the Russian orthodox church" href="../Bishop_Alexander/index.htm" style="text-decoration: none" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Bishop Alexander</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a title="Articles of Archdeacon Habib Gerges of the Coptic Orhtodox Church" style="text-decoration: none" href="../Habib_Gerges/Index.htm" target="_parent">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Habib Gerguis</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a href="../Agpeya/index.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: #FFFFFF" title="Biblical topics and articles" target="_parent">
								Agbia</a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a style="color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none" title="Biblical topics and articles" href="../Synaxarium/index.htm" target="_parent">
								Synaxarium</a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a href="../Orthodoxy/saints.htm" target="_parent" style="text-decoration: none">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Saints</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a href="../Orthodoxy/fasts_feasts.htm" target="_parent" style="text-decoration: none">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Fasts &amp; 
	Feasts</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a href="../Orthodoxy/family.htm" target="_parent" style="text-decoration: none">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Family &amp; Youth</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a style="text-decoration: none; color: #FFFFFF" title="Christian Artilcles" href="../Christian/index.htm" target="_parent">
								Christian</a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5" width="133">
								<a href="../Orthodoxy/ethics.htm" target="_parent" style="text-decoration: none">
								<font color="#FFFFFF">Ethics</font></a></td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid; border-top:medium none; border-bottom:medium none; height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: #376091; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px" width="133">
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr height="14" style="height: 10.95pt">
								<td height="14" style="height: 10.95pt; font-size: 11.0pt; color: white; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; text-underline-style: none; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-style: normal; white-space: nowrap; border-left: 1px solid; border-right: 1px solid; border-top: medium none; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; background: #538ED5; border-bottom-color:#4F81BD" width="133">
								Patrology</td>
							</tr>
												
							
							<table border="1" width="74%" style="border-width: 0px">
					<td>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
google_ad_client = "pub-2211453917634364";
/* 160x600,W SKYmg10/25/10 */
google_ad_slot = "1479282396";
google_ad_width = 160;
google_ad_height = 600;
//-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
</script>

</td>
						</table></TR>
				</TBODY>
			</TABLE>
			</TD>
        </TR>
        </TBODY> 
      </TABLE>
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
					
			
			<tr>
							<td style="border-style: none; border-width: medium" height="223">

<p align="center"><u><font color="#800080">



<b>Links</b></font></u></p>
<p align="center">
<a target="_blank" href="http://www.coptics.info" style="text-decoration: none">
www.coptics.info</a></p>
<p align="center">
<a target="_blank" href="http://www.msoffice.us" style="text-decoration: none">
www.msoffice.us</a></p>
<p align="center">
<a target="_blank" href="http://www.dbmanagement.info/" style="text-decoration: none">
<span style="font-size: 11pt">dbmanagement.info</span></a></p>
<p align="center">
<a href="http://www.italiankitchenrecipes.com/" style="text-decoration: none" target="_parent">
<font color="#0000FF" style="font-size: 9pt">italiankitchenrecipes.com</font></a></p>
<p align="center"><font style="font-size: 9pt">
<a href="http://www.relationshipadvices.info" style="text-decoration: none" target="_parent">
relationshipadvices.info</a></font></p>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</table>
					</TR>
              </TBODY> 
           </div>
		</td>
	</tr>

		
		

		</table>
     
        
      
      
      <!--webbot bot="Include" i-checksum="45389" endspan --></div>