Dictionary of Orthodox Terminology
-A-
Abbess. (from masc. abbot; Gr. Hegoumeni). The female superior of a community of nuns appointed by a bishop; Mother Superior. She has general authority over her community and nunnery under the supervision of a bishop.
Abbot. (from Aram. abba, father; Gr. Hegoumenos, Sl. Nastoyatel). The head of a monastic community or monastery, appointed by abishop or elected by the members of the community. He has ordinary jurisdiction and authority over his monastery, serving in particular as spiritual father and guiding the members of his community.
Abstinence. (Gr. Nisteia). A penitential practice consisting of voluntary deprivation of certain foods for religious reasons. In the Orthodox Church, days of abstinence are observed on Wednesdays and Fridays, or other specific periods, such as the Great Lent (see fasting).
Acolyte. The follower of a priest; a person assisting the priest in church ceremonies or services. In the early Church, the acolytes were adults; today, however, his duties are performed by children (altar boys).
Aër. (Sl. Vozdukh). The largest of the three veils used for covering the paten and the chalice during or after the Eucharist. It represents the shroud of Christ. When the creed is read, the priest shakes it over the chalice, symbolizing the descent of the Holy Spirit.
Agape. (Gr. "Love"). Feast of love; the common meal of fellowship eaten in gatherings of the early Christians (1 Cor. 11: 20-34). Agape is also the name of the Easter Vespers Service held in the early afternoon on Easter day. The faithful express their brotherly love and exchange the kiss of love honoring the resurrected Christ.
Age of Reason. This is the time in life when an individual begins to distinguish between right and wrong and becomes morally responsible for himself. It is considered to begin at the age of seven or so, and no later than twelve.
Agnets. (see lamb).
Agrapha. (Gr. verbal words; not written). Sayings or deeds of Christ which were never written or recorded in the Gospels (cf. John 21:25).
Akathistos Hymn. A hymn of praise comprised of twenty-four
stanzas and sung at the Salutation Services, dedicated to Virgin Mary Theotokos.
It is divided into four parts, one part sung on each Friday of the Great Lent.
On the fifth Friday, the entire set is sung in commemoration of a miracle by
the Virgin in
All-Saints Sunday. (Gr. Agion Panton). A feast day of the Orthodox Church collectively commemorating all the Saints of the church who have remained anonymous. This feast day is celebrated on the Sunday following Pentecost.
Alpha-Omega. The first and the last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolizing "the beginning and the end," or the divinity and eternity of Christ. (Rev. 1: 8). These two letters also form the monogram of Christ.
Altar. (Hebr. "a place of sacrifice;" Gr. hieron; Sl. prestol). In Orthodox architecture the term signifies the area of the sanctuary divided from the rest of the church by the iconostasis.
Altar Bread. (see Prosphoro).
Altar Table. (Gr. Hagia Trapeza; Sl. Prestol). The square table in the middle of the altar, made of wood or marble, on which the Eucharist is offered. It is dressed with the "Altar Cloth," and contains the relics deposited there by the consecrating bishop. The center of the table is occupied by the folded Antiminsion, on which the ceremonial gospel book is placed, and behind it is the tabernacle with the "reserved gifts."
Ambon. (see pulpit).
Amnos. (see lamb).
Analogion. (Gr.-Sl. analoy). A wooden stand or podium placed on the right side of the soleas near the south door of the altar. Usually with a sloped top, it is used as a stand for the gospel book or icon.
Anathema. (Gr. a curse, suspension). The spiritual suspension with which the church may expel a person from her community for various reasons, especially denial of the faith or other mortal sins. The church also may proclaim an anathema against the enemies of the faith, such as heretics and traitors, in a special service conducted on the Sunday of Orthodoxy (first Sunday of Lent).
Anchorite. (Gr. Anachoritis, "a departurer"). A solitary monk or hermit; an individual who withdraws from society and lives a solitary life of silence and prayer.
Angels. (Gr. Angelos, "messenger"). Bodiless beings, purely spirits, created by God before man. They are superior in nature and intelligence to man; and, like man, they have understanding and free will. Some of them are appointed to guard the faithful (guardian angels). Angels are grouped in nine orders (tagmata) as follows: Angels; Archangels; Principalities; Powers; Virtues; Dominations; Thrones; Cherubim; Seraphim. In the Orthodox worship, every Monday is dedicated to the angels.
Annunciation. (Gr. Evangelismos). A feast of the Orthodox Church (March 25) commemorating the visit of Archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary "to announce" that she was chosen to be the Mother of God (Luke 1: 26-33).
Anteri. (see cassock).
Antidoron. (Gr. "instead of the gift"). A small piece of the altar bread ( prosphoron) distributed to the faithful after the celebration of the Eucharist. Originally it was given to those who could not take communion, but it became a practice for it to be offered to all the faithful.
Antimens or Antiminsion. (Gr. and Lat. compounds "in place of a table;" Sl. Antimins). It is a rectangular piece of cloth, of linen or silk, with representations of the entombment of Christ, the four Evangelists, and scriptural passages related to the Eucharist. The antimens must be consecrated by the head of the church (a Patriarch or Archbishop) and always lie on the Altar Table. No sacrament, especially the Divine Liturgy, can be performed without a consecrated antimens.
Antiphon. (Gr. "alternate utterance or chanting")
A short verse from the scriptures, especially the psalms, sung or recited in the liturgy and other church services.
Any verse or hymn sung or recited by one part of the choir or chanters in response to another part.
Apocrypha. (Gr. "hidden or secret"). Some of the books of the Bible not accepted by all denominations of Christians as true and divinely inspired. Some of them were written much later but attributed to important individuals of the apostolic times, thus bearing a misleading title (pseudepigrapha).
Apodosis. (Gr., Sl. Otdanive). The "octave-day" of a feast day which lasts more than one day and usually occurs eight days after the actual feast day. The Apodosis of Easter occurs after forty days, on the eve of the Ascension.
Apologetics. (Gr. "defenders").
The individuals and saints who defended the faith and the Church by their ability to present, explain, and justify their faith.
The theological science and art of presenting, explaining and justifying the reasonableness of the Christian faith.
Apolytikion. (Gr. "dismissal"). The
dismissal hymn in honor of a saint, Christ, or the Virgin Mary on the occasion
of their feast day, especially at the end of the Vespers Service.
Apostolic Canons. A collection of eighty-five decrees of ecclesiastical
importance, referring mainly to ordination and the discipline of the clergy.
The church believes that they were originally written by the Apostolic fathers.
Apostolic Fathers. Men who lived during
the first century of Christianity, for the most part the disciples of the
Apostles; their teachings and writings are of great spiritual value to
Christians. Major fathers are St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Polycarp of Smyrna,
St. Clement of Rome and the unknown author of Didache.
Apostolic Succession. The direct,
continuous, and unbroken line of succession transmitted to the bishops of the
Church by the Apostles. The bishops, who form a collective body (that is the
leadership of the Church), are considered to be successors of the Apostles;
and, consequently, the duties and powers given to the Apostles by Christ are
transmitted through "the laying-on-of-hands" to the bishops and priests
who succeeded them by ordination (cheirotonia) to priesthood.
Archangels. An Angelic order of angels of higher rank. The names of two
archangels, Michael and Gabriel, are known (feast day on November 8); they are
also known as "leaders of the angelic armies" (taxiarchai).
Archbishop. A head bishop, usually in charge of a
large ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese (see Metropolitan).
Archdeacon. A senior deacon, usually serving with a bishop of higher
rank (Archbishop or Patriarch).
Archdiocese. An ecclesiastical jurisdiction, usually a metropolis headed
by an Archbishop.
Archimandrite. (Gr. "head of the flock or cloister"). A
celibate presbyter of high rank assisting the bishop or appointed abbot in a
monastery. In the Russian tradition some Archimandrites have the right to wear
the mitre and the mantle (mitrophoros).
Armenian Church. A monophysite denomination which broke from the
Orthodox Church in the fifth century (451 A.D.). Communities which belong to
the Armenian Church exist in the United States and other parts of the world.
Artoclasia. (see Vespers).
Ascension. A movable feast day, forty days after Easter, commemorating
the ascension of Christ into Heaven from the Mount of Olives (Acts, 1: 12).
Ascetic. (Gr. "one who practices [spiritual] exercises").
Monks who have accepted a monastic life and intensively practice self
discipline, meditation, and self-denial, motivated by love of God.
Ascetic Theology. A theological field studying the teachings and the
writings of the ascetics of the Church (see also mysticism).
Assumption or Dormition. A feast day (August 15)
commemorating the "falling asleep" (koimisis) of the Virgin
Mary.
Asterisk. (Gr. "little stars;" Sl. Zvezditsa). A sacred
vessel having two arched metal bands held together in such a fashion as to form
the shape of a cross. It is placed on the paten and serves to prevent the veil
from touching the particles of the Eucharist.
Atheism. (Gr. "godlessness"). Denial of the existence of God.
An atheist accepts only the material and physical world or what can be proven
by reason.
Atonement. (Gr. exilasmos). The redemptive activity of Christ in
reconciling man to God. The Orthodox believe that Christ, through His death
upon the cross, atoned or paid for human sins.
Autocephalous. (Gr. "appointing its own leader"). The status
of an Orthodox church which is self-governed and also has the authority to
elect or appoint its own leader or head (cephale).
Autonomy. (Gr. "self-rule"). The status of an Orthodox Church
that is self-ruled. An autonomous church is governed by its prelate, who is
chosen by a superior jurisdiction, usually by a patriarchate).
Axios. (Gr. "worthy"). An exclamation made at ordination to
signify the worthiness of the individual chosen to become a clergyman.
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Baptism.
(Gr. "immersion into water for purification)". A sacrament instituted
by Christ Himself, this is the regeneration "of water and the spirit"
(John 3:5). An Orthodox baptism is administered by the priest (in case of
absolute emergency, however, by a layman (aerobaptismos)) through three
complete immersions and by pronouncing the individual's name along with the
name of the Trinity, "the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Amen" Chrismation follows immediately after baptism.
Baptismal Font. (see kolymbethra).
Baptismal Garments. (Gr. Fotikia or baptisika; Sl. krizhma).
The garments brought by the godparent to dress the infant immediately after the
immersion in Baptism. In Orthodoxy, these garments are considered sacred and
must be either kept safely or destroyed by fire.
Baptismal Name. (Gr. onoma). The individual's name given in
baptism, commonly the name of a saint, who becomes the individual's Patron
Saint. The baptismal names of the first-born are usually those of their
grandparents.
Baptistry. A special room or area in the form a pool for baptizing in
the ancient Church. Gradually it was replaced by the baptismal font (see kolymbethra).
Beatitudes. (Gr. Makarismoi ).
Blessings promised to individuals for various reasons.
The eight blessings given by Christ at his Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5: 3-12).
Salutation addressed to an Orthodox Patriarch ("Your Beatitude").
Benediction.
(Lat. "blessings to glorify God"). The closing blessing offered by a
clergyman at the end of a service or other activity.
Bigamy. (Gr. Digamia). The act of contracting a new marriage
while a previous one is still binding, an act forbidden by the Orthodox Church.
Bishop. (Gr. Episkopos, Archiereas). A
clergyman who has received the highest of the sacred orders. A bishop must be
ordained by at least three other bishops and is considered a successor of the
Apostles.
Blasphemy. Evil and reproachful language directed at God, the Virgin,
the Saints or sacred objects. The blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is a mortal
and unforgivable sin, because it presumes that God's saving action in this
particular case is impossible. (cf. Matt. 12: 31).
Burial. (Gr. Taphe; Sl. Pogrebeniye). The act of interment
of the dead body of one of the faithful in consecrated ground, according to the
appropriate Orthodox rites and service of burial (Nekrosimos). The
Church may deny an Orthodox burial to those who have committed a mortal sin
such as blasphemy, suicide, denial of faith, or acceptance of cremation.
Byzantine. Referring or attributed to Byzantium, the ancient Greek city
on the Bosporus, which later (331 A.D.) became the capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire, and then of the Medieval Greek Empire of Constantinople. Its people are
known as Byzantines and its cultural heritage as Byzantine (i.e., Byzantine
art, the Empire, church, architecture, music, etc.).
Byzantine rite.
Performing church services according to the Eastern Orthodox tradition.
Christians who belong to Roman Catholic jurisdictions and accept its beliefs, but follow the customs of the Greek Orthodox Church, celebrating the liturgy in Greek, Slavonic or in their native language, but in the Orthodox fashion.
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Calendar.
(Gr. Hemerologion). The yearly system determining the Orthodox holidays
and hours. The Orthodox year begins on September 1. Since all feasts were
arranged according to the Julian (old) Calendar, many Orthodox churches follow
it to the present day, while other Orthodox churches have adopted the Gregorian
(new) Calendar (since 1924). See also the article on the Calendar of the
Orthodox Church.
Candles. (Gr. Keri[on]). Candles made of
beeswax are used in the Orthodox Church as a form of sacrifice and devotion to
God or Saints. They are used in various Orthodox services and ceremonies and
are symbolic of Christ, who is "the Light of the World." According to
a different symbolism, the two elements of a candle represent the two natures
of Christ: the Divine (the burning wick) and the Human (the wax body).
Canon. (Gr. "rule, measure, standard").
1. The Canon of the scriptures or the official list of books recognized by the church as genuine and inspired by God.
2. The Canon of Matins (a collection of hymns consisting of nine odes, the Heirmos, and sung at the Matins Service, the Orthros).
3. The Liturgical Canon which refers to all liturgical material, including the Creed, used for the Liturgy and the consecration of the Eucharist. (see also kanon and Typikon).
Canonization.
The official declaration by the Church that a deceased Christian of attested
virtue is a saint, to be honored as such, and worth of imitation by the
faithful.
Canons . (or Canon Law ). The law of the church,
containing the various rules, ecclesiastical decrees and definitions concerning
the faith or the life style of Orthodox Christians. The Canons generally provide
for all administrative or disciplinary questions that might arise in the
Church, and, consequently, are not infallible but can be changed or
re-interpreted by an Ecumenical Council. See also the article on the Canon Law
of the Orthodox Church.
Capital Sin (or Mortal or Deadly sin). Great
offenses against God, or moral faults which, if habitual, could result in the
spiritual death of the individual. The following sins are considered to be
mortal: pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy and sloth: they are
the "Seven Deadly Sins" of the phrase.
Cassock. (Gr. Raso; Sl. ryassa). The
long black garment with large sleeves worn by the Orthodox clergy as their
distinct attire. Another such cassock with narrow sleeves (Gr. Anteri;
Sl. Podrasnik) is worn under the cassock. It symbolizes the death of a
clergyman to this world, and his burial and subsequent dedication to God and
his heavenly kingdom.
Catechism. A summary of doctrine and instruction, teaching the Orthodox
faith in the form of questions and answers. The catechetical or Sunday school
of each parish is responsible for such instruction of children or other
faithful.
Catechumen. (Gr. "those who learn the
faith"). A convert to Christianity in the early church, who received
instructions in Christianity, but was not yet baptized. Catechumens were
permitted to attend the first part of the Eucharist (Liturgy of the
Catechumens), but were dismissed before the Consecration of the Gifts.
Cathedral. (Gr. "the main chair"). The principal church of a
bishop's jurisdiction, the chief church in every diocese.
Catholic. (Gr. "universal, concerning the whole;" Sl. Sobomaya).
A term describing the universality of the Christian message, claimed to be
exclusively theirs by the Orthodox Church. However, in the West, it has come to
mean the Roman Catholic church (v. Eastern Orthodox Church).
Celibacy. The unmarried state of life. Unlike the Roman Church,
Orthodoxy permits a clergyman to be married; however, his marriage must occur
before the ordination to a deacon or presbyter. Orthodox bishops are only
chosen from the celibate clergy, but widowers, who have accepted monastic vows,
may also be chosen.
Censer. (Gr. Thymiato; Sl. kadillo). A metal vessel hung
on chains, used in church ceremonies for burning incense. There are twelve
small bells attached to the chains, representing the message of the twelve
Apostles.
Chalice. (Gr. Potirion; Sl. Vozduh). A large cup of silver
or gold, with a long-stemmed base, used for the Eucharist. It is one of the
most sacred vessels of the church and is handled only by the clergy.
Chancellor. (Gr. Protosyngelos). The chief administrator and
church notary in a diocese or archdiocese. He is the immediate administrative
assistant to the bishop, and handles all records, certificates, and
ecclesiastical documents of his jurisdiction.
Chant. (Gr. echos; Sl. glas). The music proper to the
Orthodox services. There are eight tones or modes in the Orthodox Byzantine
chant, chanted by the chanters or cantors.
Chanter. (Gr. Psaltis). A lay person who assists the priest by
chanting the responses and hymns in the services or sacraments of the church.
Today chanters have been replaced to some extent by choirs.
Chapel. (Gr. Parekklisi[on]; Sl. Chasovnya). A side altar
attached to a larger church or a small building or room built exclusively or
arranged for the worship of God. A chapel can belong either to an individual,
an institution, or can be part of a parish church.
Chasuble. (Gr. feloni[on]; Sl. felon). A sleeveless
garment worn by the presbyter in the celebration of the liturgy. Short
in front, with an elongated back, and an opening for the head, it is one of the
most ancient vestments of the Church, symbolizing the seamless coat of Christ.
Chatjis. (see Hatjis).
Cherubic Hymn. (Gr. "the song of the angels"). Liturgical hymn
sung after the Gospel-reading and during the Great Entrance. Its text in
English is as follows:
"We, who mystically represent the Cherubim, And chant the thrice-holy hymn to the Life-giving Trinity, Let us set aside the cares of life That we may receive the King of all, Who comes invisibly escorted by the Divine Hosts."
Chrism. (Gr. Myrron). Sanctified oil composed of
several ingredients and fragrances, used in the sacrament of Chrismation (after
Baptism). The Holy Chrism in the Orthodox Church is exclusively prepared by the
Ecumenical Patriarchate, blessed in a
series of preparations and ceremonies. Holy Thursday is customarily the day of
its consecration.
Chrismation. (see Baptism and Chrism).
See also the articles on:
The Sacraments
The Sacramental Life of the Orthodox Church
Chrisom.
(Gr. Ladopano; Sl. knzhma). A piece of white linen for the
wrapping of the infant after Baptism. The Orthodox preserve it as a sacred
object, since it signifies the purity and holiness of the baptized Christian.
Christology. A subject or field of dogmatic
theology examining the belief of the church and the history of
beliefs about Christ.
Churching. (Gr. Sarantismos). A service of thanksgiving and blessing
of women after childbirth. In the Orthodox church, this rite is performed on
the fortieth day after birth and is reminiscent of the Old Testament ceremony
of purification (Lev. 12: 2-8) and the presentation of Jesus at the Temple
(Luke 2: 22-29).
Communion . (Gr. koinonia).
The receiving of the sacrament of the Eucharist
after proper preparation, fasting, and confession. Orthodox Christians are
encouraged to receive communion as often as possible, even daily.
See also the article on
The Holy Eucharist
Communion
of Saints . The Orthodox Church believes that all the people of God
- members of the Church, either the living on earth or the departed in heaven,
are in constant communion and fellowship with each other in faith, grace and
prayers, since they constitute one Body in Christ - the Church.
Compline. (Gr. Apodeipnon; Sl. Velikoye PovecheAye). A
woship service performed after dusk. It is often combined with Vespers, to form
an all-night vigil. There is a Great Compline and its abridgement, known as
Little Compline.
Confession. (Gr. Exomologisis). The act of
confessing or acknowledgment of sins by an individual before God in the
presence of a priest, who serves as a spiritual guide and confessor (pneumatikos)
authorized to ask for forgiveness and to administer a penance.
Confessor.
Pneumatikos (see confession).
A person who defended and publicly confessed the Faith, thereby exposing himself to persecution (Homologetis).
Consecration.
(Gr. Heirotonia). The ordination of an individual to priesthood through
the sacrament of Holy Orders.
Consecration of a Church. (see Engainia).
Council, Ecumenical. (Gr. Synodos;
Sl. Sobor). Assembly of representatives from all church jurisdictions
convoked for the settlement of ecclesiastical or doctrinal problems and
disputes. The Orthodox Church recognizes the following seven Ecumenical
Councils:
Nicaea, in 325. Fathers present, 318. Condemned Arianism, defined divinity of Christ, and composed first part of Creed.
Constantinople, 381. Fathers, 180. Condemned Apollinarianism, defined divinity of Holy Spirit, and completed the Creed.
Ephesus, 431. Fathers, 200. Condemned Nestorianism and defined the term Theotokos.
Chalcedon, 451. Fathers, 630. Condemned Monophysitism.
Constantinople, 553. Fathers, 165. Condemned heretics and pagans.
Constantinople, 680. Fathers, 281. Condemned Monothelitism. The so-called Quinisext or in Trullo was held in Constantinople.
Constantinople (Trullo), 692 and regulated disciplinary matters to complete the Fifth and the Sixth Ecumenical Councils.
Nicaea, 787 (again in 843). Fathers, 350. Condemned Iconoclasm.
Crosier.
(Gr. Ravdos or Pateritsa). The pastoral staff of a bishop,
signifying his responsibilities and the authority by which he spiritually rules
his flock.
Crowns. (Gr. Stephana). A metal crown or wreath made of cloth in
the shape of lemon blossoms, with which the priest "crowns" the
newlyweds during the sacrament of Matrimony. The crowns are white, signifying
purity, and represent the power that is given to the newlyweds to become
"king and queen" of their home.
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Deacon.
(Gr. "assistant, servant"). The fist of the three orders of
priesthood. A deacon is not permitted to perform the sacraments, but assists
the bishop and the presbyter in the Eucharist and other services or ministries
of the church.
Dean. (Gr. Proistamenos). An honorary title given to a presbyter;
meaning:
the senior priest in a cathedral of a diocese;
the senior priest in a large parish;
the head of the faculty in a theological seminary.
Deaconess.
A pious lay woman assisting in the church as a caretaker or charity worker. The
practice of using deaconesses in the Church was very ancient; however, it
gradually disappeared.
Dikirotrikera. (Gr. "set of two and three candles"). A set of
two candleholders, one double-branched candlestick and another triple-branched,
both used by the bishop in blessing at the liturgy. The Dikeron (double
candleholder) signifies the two natures of Christ, while the Trikeron
(triple candleholder) signifies the Holy Trinity.
Diocese. (Gr. Episkopi). A town or fully organized church
district under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and pastoral direction of a
bishop.
Diptychs. (Gr. "folding boards").
Lists of names for living and dead, written on cardboard for their commemoration in the liturgy.
An official roster of the names of the heads of Orthodox jurisdictions read during the liturgy by concelebrating bishops, or the head of an ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
Dismissal.
(Gr. Apolysis; Sl. Otpust). The closing prayers and benediction,
including the dismissal hymn (Apolytikion) in church service.
Dogma. Basic beliefs and truths contained in the Bible
and the Holy Tradition of the Church as defined by the Ecumenical Councils and
the Fathers of the Church. Dogma is studied by the field of dogmatic theology.
Dormition (see assumption).
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Eagle.
(Gr. Dikephalos aitos; Sl. Orletz). Small circular rug or
permanent design on the church's floor, presenting a double headed eagle with
outstretched wings soaring over a city. It signifies the watchfulness and
authority of the bishop over his diocese. The double-headed eagle was also the
symbol of the Byzantine Empire.
Easter. (Gr. Pascha or Lambri). The
feast day of the resurrection of Christ, known also as "the Feast of
Feasts." It is the greatest Orthodox festival, celebrated the Sunday
following the first full moon after the Spring equinox. It is a movable feast
and the dates of the other movable feasts of the Orthodox Church are calculated
from it.
Ecclesia. (Gr. "the gathering of the people").
The gathering of the faithful at the church for worship and fellowship;
the church where the liturgy is celebrated;
the Church as the Body of Christ.
Ecclesiastical.
Whatever deals or pertains to Church and its life.
Ecclesiology. The branch of theology studying the nature, constitution,
function, and membership of the Church.
Ecumenical Council. (see council).
Ecumenical Patriarchate . The "First Among Equals" of
all the Orthodox autocephalous churches and was founded by St. Andrew the
Apostle. Visit the Ecumenical Patriarchate of
Constantinople home page for more information, historical notes,
encyclicals, official documents, and photo and video galleries.
Ecumenism. The movement of Christian Churches toward a mutual
understanding of their problems and the concept of unity and love willed by
Christ.
Ektenial. (Gr. 'long" or "elongated"). Petitions or
litanies used in Orthodox services, particularly in the liturgy. They refer to
the world in general, peace, leadership and those in need. The response to an
ektenial petition is: "Lord have mercy"
Encyclical. (Gr. "moving in a circle";
"circulating"). A letter by the head of an Orthodox jurisdiction (Archbishop
or Patriarch) to those under his spiritual authority. The content of such a
letter may vary but it must refer to specific administrative or spiritual
topics concerning the faithful.
Engainia. (Gr. "blessing for renewal").
The ceremony of consecration of a new church, conducted only by a bishop. It is
performed before the Eucharist, and it mainly consists of the washing of the
Holy Table of the altar, the depositing of relics in it, and the blessing of
the church icons.
Engolpion. (Gr. "upon the chest"). The bishop's medallion,
usually of enamel and richly decorated with precious stones, hanging upon his
chest and signifying his episcopal office.
Entrance. (Gr. Eisodos). The solemn procession of the celebrating
clergy carrying the Gospel at the liturgy, after the antiphons (Small
Entrance), and carrying the Holy Gifts during the chanting of the cherubic hymn
(Great Entrance).
Epanokalymafko. The monastic black veil hanging over the back of the kalymafki
of a celibate Orthodox clergyman, especially the prelate of a church (see kalymafki).
Some Orthodox prelates of Slavic background wear white epanokalymafko.
Eparchy. (Gr. "province, region"). An ecclesiastical
jurisdiction headed by a bishop, metropolitan, or archbishop.
Epigonation. (Gr. "on the knee;" Sl. Palitsa
or Nabedrennik). An oblong or rhomboidal vestment (approx. 12 x 12
inches) suspended from the belt and hung over the right side above the knee of
a clergyman of higher rank. It signifies the cloth used by Christ to wipe his
disciples' feet before the Last Supper and also the sword of the Spirit, which
is the Word of God.
Epiklesis. (Gr. Epiklesis) Special prayer or petition by the
Priest to "invoke" or to call upon the Holy Spirit, in order that
God's Grace will descend for the consecration of the Holy Gifts at the
Eucharist.
Epiphany. (Gr. Theophania; Sl. Bogoyavleniye). The feast
commemorating the baptism of Christ in the Orthodox Church (January 6), and
celebrating the ''manifestation'' of God in the Holy Trinity.
Episkopos. (see bishop).
Epitaphios. (Gr. "on the tomb;" Sl. Plaschanitsa).
The winding sheet on which the dead body of Christ is sewn or painted, representing his shroud.
An ornamented bier representing the tomb of Christ. On God Friday the Epitaphios is placed on the bier, which is adorned with flowers, and is carried in a procession representing the funeral of Christ.
The special service on Good Friday evening commemorating the burial of Christ.
Epitrachelion. (Gr. "about the neck").
One of the most important vestments hanging from the neck down to the feet. An
Orthodox priest must wear this particular vestment to perform a sacrament.
Equal to the Apostles. (Gr. Isapostolos). An honorary title given
to saints such as St. Constantine and Sts. Cyril and Methodios for their
missionary work in the Church.
Eschatology. (Gr. "the last things to happen). The theological
field concerned with life after death, especially the 'last things," i.e.,
the state of the dead, the Second Coming of Christ, and the Final Judgment.
See also the Article on
The Dogmatic Tradition of the Orthodox Church
Eucharist. (see Communion)
Euchologion. (Gr. "the book of prayers;" Sl. Sluzhebnik).
A liturgical book used by the clergy, containing the various services,
sacraments and prayers required for the administration of sacraments and other
ceremonies and services of the Church.
Evangelists. The authors of the Gospels (Evangelia) who,
according to Church belief, were inspired by God in the writing of the Bible.
The Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. In the Orthodox Church they
are symbolically represented by a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle
respectively.
Exaposteilarion. (Gr. "dispatching'). A special hymn sung at Matins
after the Canon. It refers to Christ's activity after the Resurrection,
particularly His dispatching of the disciples to preach to the world.
Exapteryga. (Gr. "six-winged angels"). Metallic banners
adorned with representations of angels carried at various processions of church
services.
Exarch. (Gr. "representative with full authority"). The head
of an ecclesiastical jurisdiction, usually an Archbishop, representing the head
of the Church (i.e., Patriarch) in the administration of a national Church.
Excommunication. (Gr. Aphorismos). A penalty or censure by which
a baptized individual is excluded from the communion and fellowship of the
Church, for committing and remaining obstinate in certain mortal sins. Church
members may excommunicate themselves by absence from the sacraments and by
actions contrary to Church law.
Exorcism: See the article on exorcism in the
Orthodox Church.
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Fanar.
The Greek neighborhood of Constantinople (Istanbul) where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is situated.
Fasting. (see abstinence).
Fathers of the Church. (Gr. Pateres). Pious and educated
individuals, most of them bishops, who lived during the first eight centuries
of Christianity. They wrote extensively, taught, explained, and defended the
faith of the Church. The most important Orthodox Fathers are: St. Basil the
Great, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. John Chrysostom, St.
Athanasius the Great, St. Cyril of Alexandria, and St. John of Damascus.
Filioque. (Lat. "and from the Son"). Theological term
referring to the procession of the Holy Spirit. Its insertion in the Creed by
the Roman Church (1009 A.D.) became one of the main causes for the schism
between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.
-G-
Guardian
Angel. (Gr. Phylakas Angelos). The Orthodox believe that certain
angels are appointed by God at baptism to guide and protect each faithful. A
prayer of the Orthodox Liturgy asks for "an angel of Peace, a faithful
guide and guardian of our soul and bodies."
God-parents. (Godfather, Gr. Nounos;
Godmother, Gr. Nouna).Sponsors at Baptism and Chrismation taking the
responsibility for the faith and spiritual development of the newly-born
Christian. The Orthodox people highly regard the spiritual bond and
relationship between godparents and their godchildren, and marriage between
them is prohibited. (see affinity).
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Hagia Sophia . (Gr. Agia Sophia) The Cathedral of Constantinople in which the Ecumenical Patriarchs and Byzantine Emperors were enthroned. It is the greatest Orthodox church, dedicated to the Holy Wisdom of God. It was built by the emperor Justinian in the year 532 A.D.; its architecture is an outstanding example of the so-called Byzantine Orthodox order. Select this link to visit the web site on Hagia Sophia
Hagiography.
(Gr. Hagiologia) The writings of the Church Fathers and the study of the
lives of the saints. The Orthodox Church is a reservoir of such writings, which
the faithful are urged to read for their spiritual growth and development.
Hatjis. (or Chatzis; fem. Hatjina; Ar.
"pilgrim"). A title or name given to those who made a pilgrimage to
the Holy Land and were "baptized" in the Jordan River. Such a pilgrim
may assume the title of Hatjis for the rest of his or her life. One also may
attach this word before the baptismal name to produce a variation such as Hatji-Yiorgis
or Hatji-Yiannis. Such names often become surnames, especially common
among Greeks.
Hegoumenos. (see abbot).
Heresy. (Gr. "new and personal belief or idea"). The denial or
rejection of a revealed dogma or belief accepted and professed by the Church.
An individual who begins a heresy is a heretic and is excommunicated.
Heretismoi. (see Akathistos hymn).
Hermit. (see Anchorite).
Hesychasm. spiritual movement in the Byzantine
Empire (fourteenth century) developed on Mount Athos, Greece. The term means
"to be quiet" and signifies the system of spiritual development
through meditation, contemplation and perfection to the degree of absolute
union with God (theosis). It is one of the forms of Orthodox Mysticism
and is still practiced in the Orthodox world.
Heterodoxy. Different, alien, and presumably false belief or teaching.
The Orthodox Church describes as such all other Christian denominations
Hierarchy. The higher clergy or College of bishops who are assigned to
rule over spiritual matters of the church.
Holy Water. (Gr. Agiasmos). Water blessed at the service of the
"Great Blessing" on the feast day of Epiphany (Jan. 6) or on other
occasions (Small Blessing). It is used for the blessing of people, as at Holy
communion or for the blessing of things for their well being.
Holy Wisdom. (see Hagia Sophia).
Horologion. (Gr. "Book of the Hours;" Sl. Chasoslov).
The Liturgical book containing the services and prayers of the different hours
of the day, i.e., Compline, Matins, Vespers and the Office of the Hours (see
hours).
Hours. In Orthodox monasteries, monks maintain special
services for the main hours of the day. Each hour commemorates a special event,
as follows:
First hour (6:00 A.M.): Thanksgiving for the new morning and prayer for a sinless day.
Third hour (9:00 A.M.): the descent of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost.
Sixth hour (12:00 noon): the nailing of Christ to the Cross.
Ninth hour (3:00 P.M.): the death of Christ.
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Icon. (Gr. image). A Byzantine-style painting in oil on wood, canvas, paper or a wall (fresco) representing Christ, the Virgin Mary, or other Saints and scenes from the Bible. The Orthodox Church uses icons for veneration with the understanding that the respect is paid not to the material icon but to the person represented "in spirit and truth" (cf. John 4: 24).
See also the article on:
ORTHODOX ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Iconoclasm.
(Gr. "the breaking of icons"). It refers to the conflict in the
Byzantine Empire between 727 and 843 aver the use of icons in the church. The
Seventh Ecumenical Council (787 and 843) decreed the use of icons, following in
the main the teaching of St. John of Damascus.
Iconography. The study and the art of painting of icons. In the Orthodox
Church, iconography was developed mainly in the monasteries, which became the
centers of its study and development.
See also the article on:
ORTHODOX ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Iconostasis. (Gr. "an icon-stand"). In the Orthodox Church the term signifies:
The stand on which the main icon of the Patron Saint of the church is placed for veneration.
The screen separating the sanctuary or altar from the church proper and adorned with various icons. There may be two or three tiers of icons in an iconostasis, but the main tier must follow a certain iconographic form as following (from north or left side, to south): the icon of the Patron Saint of the church; of the Virgin Mary, of Christ, and of St. John the Baptist.
See also the article on:
ORTHODOX ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Iliton. (or Eiliton, Gr.) The silk cloth used to wrap the corporal (or antiminsion).
-J-
Jesus Prayer. A short prayer that the Orthodox constantly repeat to practice devotion to God; the tradition of repeating this distinctive prayer was developed in Orthodox monasteries. The text of Jesus Prayer is:
"Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me."
Judgement. The Last or Final Judgment, which according to the Church's belief will occur at the end of the world and the second coming of Christ. The judgment that takes place immediately after an individual's death is called particular judgement.
See also the article on
The Dogmatic Tradition of the Orthodox Church.
Jurisdiction. (Gr. Dikaiodosia). The right and the authority of a bishop to rule over his diocese as a spiritual overseer. It includes legislative, judicial and executive authority, which can be exercised only by individuals who have been canonically ordained and appointed to rule aver the jurisdiction in question.
-K-
Kalymauki
or kamilafki. (Sl. kamilavka). The black cylindrical hat worn by
Orthodox clergy. The black monastic veil (epanokalynafkon) worn by the
celibate clergy at various services or ceremonies is attached to the kalymauki
(see Epanokalymafkon).
Kanon.
Short hymns consisting of nine odes, sung at the service of Matins.
The special service known as the Great Kanon sung on the evening of the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Lent.
Kathisma. Liturgical hymn.
The twenty stanzas into which the Orthodox Psalter is divided.
The second kanon of the Matins.
Keri.
(see candles).
Kerygma. (Gr. "message; preaching"). Proclaiming or preaching
the word of God in the manner of the Apostles. It is a method of church
instruction centered mainly on Christ and the concept of salvation.
Koimissis (see Dormition)
Kolymbethra.
A large, often movable, circular basin on a stand, containing the water for
immersion in Baptism. It symbolizes the Jordan River or the pool of Siloam.
Kontakion. A liturgical hymn that gives an abbreviated form of the
meaning or history of the feast of a given day. The kontakion is sung
after the sixth ode of the Canon in the liturgy and the Service of the Hours.
St. Romanos the Melodist is considered to be the most important hymnographer of
the Kontakion.
Koumbaros (fem. koumbara).
1. The "best man" in wedding.
2. The sponsor in a baptism.
3. The address that Greek Orthodox use for their best man or their child's sponsor.
-L-
Laity.
(Gr. Laikos; Sl. Miryane). Members of the Church who are not
ordained to the priesthood.
Lamb. (Gr. Amnos). The symbol for the sacrifice
of Christ on the Cross (cf. John 1: 29). In the Orthodax liturgy the amnos is
the first square piece from the altar bread ( prosphoro), inscnbed with
the letters ICXCNIKA (an abbreviated form for "Jesus Christ
conquers"). This particular piece is to be consecrated during the
Eucharist.
Lamentations service. (Gr. Epitaphios threnos). Special hymns
referring to the sacrifice of Christ on the cross and His burial (see Epitaphios).
Lance or spear. (Gr. Lonche). A small, lance-shaped, double-edged
knife used by the priest for the cutting of the altar bread in the service of
the Preparation of the Holy Gifts (see Proskomide).
Language. According to the Orthodox tradition, the Church adopts and
uses the language of any particular country or ethnic group that she serves.
The main liturgical languages in the Orthodox Church are Greek, the various
descendants of old Church Slavonic, and Arabic.
Last Supper. (Gr. Mystikos Deipnos; Sl. Taynya Vercherya).
The Last meal of Christ with His disciples in the 'Upper Room' before his
arrest. With this supper he instituted the Sacrament
of the Holy Eucharist.
Leavened Bread. (Gr. artos). Bread made with yeast (enzyma);
and used for altar bread for the Orthodox Eucharist (as opposed to the
unleavened bread used by the Latin Church). Leavened bread is also acceptable
for the purpose in the more liberal Protestant churches.
Lent. (Gr. Sarakosti) The fifty-days fast preceeding Easter for
the spiritual preparation of the faithful to observe the feast of the
Ressurection. Besides Lent, the Orthodox Church has assigned a number of other
fasting periods (see abstinence).
Liturgics . The theological field that
studies the liturgies and the various services and rituals of the Church.
Liturgy . (Gr. "a public
duty or work"). The main form of worship for the celebration of the Holy
Eucharist. The Orthodox Church celebrates four different versions of the
liturgy:
1. The Liturgy of St. James,
2. The Liturgy of St. Basil,
3. The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, which is the most common, and
4. The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts performed only during the period of Great
See also the articles on:
Worship and Worship in the Orthodox Church
Logos.
(Gr. "word"). A symbol for Christ, the word incarnate, or "word
made Flesh:' which is also called "the Word of God" (cf. John,
1:1-4).
Lord's Prayer. The prayer taught by Christ in the Sermon on the Mount
(cf. Matt. 6: 9-33 and Luke 11: 2-4). It begins with the phrase "Our
father. . ." and is the most common Orthodox prayer.
-M-
Magnificat.
(Lat. "My soul doth magnify the Lord"; Gr. Megalynalion). A
hymn of praise in honor of the Mother of God (Theotokos). Its verses
follow Mary's own words beginning with the phrase "my soul doth magnify
the Lord" (cf. Luke 1: 46-55). It is sung after the eighth Ode of the
Canon at Matins.
Mantle. (Gr. Mandias). A distinctive and elaborate garment,
purple or blue in color, worn by the bishop in various church ceremonies and
services, such as Vespers, but not during the liturgy.
Martyr. (Gr. "witness"). One who willingly suffered death for
the faith.
Martyrika. (Gr. "a sign of witnessing"). Small decorative
icons or crosses passed out to the guests who witness an Orthodox Baptism.
Martyrology. A catalogue of martyrs and other saints arranged according
to the calendar.
Matins. (Gr. Orthos). The Morning Service,
which is combined with the liturgy. It begins with the reading of six psalms (Exapsalmos),
the reading of the Gospel, the chanting of the Canon, and the Great Doxology.
Memorial. (Gr. Mnymosyno). A special service held in the Orthodox
Church for the repose of the souls of the dead. Memorial services are held on
the third, ninth and fortieth day; after six months, and after one or three
years after death. Boiled wheat is used as a symbol of the resurrection of
everyone at the Second Coming of Christ.
Meneon. A liturgical book containing the lives of the saints and the
special hymns (stichera) for the feast-days of the Orthodox Saints. It
is divided into twelve volumes, one for each month.
Metropolitan. The prelate of the largest or most
important city (Metropolis) or province with primacy of jurisdiction.
Mitre. (Gr. Mitra). The official headdress or "crown"
of a bishop. In Slavic churches some archimandrites are allowed to wear the
mitre as a recognition of their service to the church (mitrate or mitrophoros).
The mitre derives from the crown of the Byzantine emperor.
Monastery. The dwelling place and the community thereof, of monks or
nuns living together in a communal life (cenobites) in a convent, and
practicing the rules of prayer and vows. The members of some monasteries live
alone in solitude (anchorites).
See the article on
Monasticism in the Orthodox Church
Monk. (Gr. Monachos; fem. Monache). An individual who denies the world in order to live a religious life under the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
See the article on
Monasticism in the Orthodox Church
Monophysitism. A heresy which arose in the fifth
century concerning the two Natures of Christ. The monophysites accepted only
the Divine Nature of Christ, and were condemned as heretics by the Fourth
Ecumenical Council, at Nicaea (451 A.D.) (see also Copts).
Monothelitism. A heresy of the seventh century, which developed in an
attempt to reconcile the monophysites with the Orthodox. The monothelites
accept the two Natures of Christ, but deny His human will (Thelesis),
accepting thereby only his Divine
Mortal Sins. (see capital sins).
Mother Church. The Church of Jerusalem, as being the first Christian
Church. Commonly, the Orthodox consider as Mother Church the Ecumenical Patriarchate as being the senior
Church of the Orthodox World.
Mount Athos. The center of Orthodox monasticism, situated on a conical
mountain on the Chakidi Peninsula, Greece.
See the article on
Monasticism in the Orthodox Church , which has links to the monasteries of Mt. Athos.
Mysticism. The search through various prayers and practices to achieve unity with God in life (theosis) (see hesychasm).
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Name-day.
(Gr. Onomastiria or Onomastiki eorti). The tradition of the
Orthodox people to celebrate one's name-day instead of a birthday. Since the
Orthodox people are usually named after a saint's name, all those having the
same name celebrate together. Celebration of the name-day is considered to be spiritually
important, and the celebrating individual develops special spiritual ties with
his Patron Saint and, consequently, with God.
Narthex. The vestibule area of the church, leading to the church proper
or the nave. In the early Church this area was as signed for penitents and
those who were not yet baptized (catechumens).
Nave. The center, the church proper of an Orthodox Church, where the
faithful remain to observe the liturgy and other services.
Neophyte. (Gr. Neophotistos). A newly baptized individual or
convert of the early Church.
Nounos. (see godparents).
Novice. (Gr. Dokimos). An individual who accepted the monastic
life, undergoing a period of probation in preparation for taking his vows.
Nun. (Gr. Monachi (fem), or Kalogria). A woman following
the monastic life, living in a convent and leading a strict contemplative
-O-
Oblation.
(see Proskomide).
Offertory. (see Proskomide).
Oktoechos. (Gr. "eight modes" or Paraklitiki).
Service book containing the canons and hymns of the eight tones or modes of
Byzantine music. They are used in all services, arranged every eight weeks, one
for each tone, and are attributed to St. John of Damascus (eighth century), one
of the greatest Orthodox hymnographers and theologians.
Omophor. (see Pall).
Orarion. (Lat.) One of the deacon's vestments, made
of a long band of brocade and worn over the left shoulder and under the right
arm. It signifies the wings of the angels.
Ordination. (Gr. cheirotonia). The sacrament of the Holy Orders,
imparted through the laying on of hands upon the candidate for the priesthood.
Orthodox . (Gr. "correct or
true belief"). The common and official name used by the Greek Christians
and Eastern Christian Church. The Orthodox Church maintains her belief that she
alone has kept the true Christian faith, complete and unaltered.
Orthodox Sunday. The first Sunday of Lent, commemorating the restoration
of icons in the church (see Iconoclasm).
Orthros. (see Matins)
-P-
Paganism.
Belief in religions other than Christianity, especially ancient Greek
polytheism, which was a non-revealed religion.
Pall. (Gr. Omophorion). One of the bishop's
vestments, made of a band of brocade worn about the neck and around the
shoulders. It signifies the Good Shepherd and the spiritual authority of a
bishop.
Palm Sunday. (Gr. Kyriaki ton Vaion; Sl. Verbnoye Voskresenye).
The Sunday before Easter, commemorating the triumphal entrance of Christ into
Jerusalem. The Orthodox use palms or willow branches in the shape of a cross,
which the priest distributes to the faithful after the liturgy.
Panagia. (Gr. "All Holy"). One of the Orthodox names used to
address the Mother of God. In Orthodox art, the term Panagia denotes an icon depicting
the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child, or the bishop's medallion (Encolpion)
which usually is decorated with an icon of the Panagia (especially in the
Russian Church). (See also: Theotokos)
Pantocrator. (Gr. "He who reigns over all; almighty"). One of
the appellations of God. In Orthodox art, Pantocrator is the name of the fresco
decorating the center of the dome, depicting Christ as the almighty God and
Lord of the Universe.
Paraklitiki. (see Oktoechos).
Pascha. (see Easter).
Paschal week. (Gr. Diakaimsimos or "bright week"). The
week following the Sunday of Easter (Pascha), signifying the spiritual
renewal and joy brought to the world by the resurrected Christ.
Paschalion. The table of dates for Easter and all movable feasts of the
year.
Pastoral theology. The theological field that studies the ways and
methods to be used by the clergy for carrying through their duties as Pastors
of the Church.
Paten. (Gr. Diskos). A small round and flat plate made of gold or
silver on which the priest places the particles of bread at the celebration of
the Eucharist.
Patriarch. (Gr. "in charge of the
family"). The highest prelate in the Orthodox Church. Today there are
eight Orthodox prelates called patriarchs (see Patriarchate).
Patriarchate . An ecclesiastical jurisdiction
governed by a patriarch. There are eight such jurisdictions today in the Orthodox
Church, the four ancient Patriarchates of the East, and the four Slavic
patriarchates.
Patristics. The theological field that studies the lives and the
writings of the Fathers of the Church.
Patron saint. (Gr. Poliouchos; Sl. Nebesny
Pokrovitel). A saint chosen by a group, nation, or organization to be their
special advocate, guardian and protector. The Patron Saint of an individual is
usually the saint after whom the individual is named. See also the article on Saints in the Orthodox Church.
Pedalion.
(see Rudder).
Pentecost. (Gr. "fiftieth Day"). A feast celebrated fifty days
after Easter commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit onto the disciples of
Christ. It is considered to be the birthday of Christianity.
Pentecostarion. A liturgical book (containing all the prayers, hymns and
services performed during the period of fifty days between the feasts of Easter
and Pentecost.
Polychronion. (Gr. "for many years"). A prayer sung by the
chanter or choir in honor of the celebrant bishop or presbyter. Its full
version is: "for many years of life" (Gr. Eis Polla Eti Despota;
Sl. MnogayaIyeta).
Polyeleos. (Gr. "oil candelabrum"; "abundance of oil and
grace").
special hymns sung during the Service of Matins.
the great candelabra hanging from the ceiling of an Orthodox church.
a descriptive adjective used to describe Christ as the God of Mercy.
Presbyter. (Gr. "elder"). A priest in
charge of a parish. A protopresbyter is an honorary title granted by a bishop
in acknowledgement of service to the church.
Presvytera. (Gr.; Sl. Matushka). A honorary title for the
priest's wife or mother.
Prokeimenon. (Gr. "gradual introduction"). A liturgical verse
or scriptural passage sung or read before the reading of the Epistle. It serves
as an introduction to the theme of this particular reading.
Proskomide. (Gr. gathering of gifts or preparing
to receive the gifts; Sl. Shertvennik). The Service of the preparation
of the elements of bread and wine before the Liturgy. It takes place on the
Table of Oblation (Prothesis), which is situated at the left (north)
side of the altar.
Prosphoro. (Gr. "offering gift, an item
dedicated to God and offered as a votive," also prosphora). The
altar bread which is leavened and prepared with pure wheat flour to be used for
the Eucharist. It is round and stamped on the top with a special seal (sphragis
or Panagiari). Sometimes it is made in two layers symbolizing the two
natures of Christ (Human and Divine). The inscribed parts of the top are used
for the Eucharist and the rest of it is cut into small pieces to be distribued
to the faithful ( antidoron).
Pulpit. (Gr.; Sl. Amvon, "an elevated
place, podium"). A small raised platform or elaborate podium at the left
(north) side of the soleas and in the front of the iconostasis.
Decorated with representations of the four Evangelists, it is the place on
which the deacon or priest reads the Gospel and delivers his sermon.
-R-
Raso.
(see cassock).
Reader. (Gr. Anagnostis, Sl. Chtets). The individual
assigned to read, chant, and give responses in church services. Usually such a
person will be blessed by the bishop with special prayers and in a special
ceremony.
Relics. (Gr. Leipsana Agia). The remains from the body of Saint
or even a Saint's possessions, such as clothes or vestments. The relics are
honored and venerated by all Orthodox. Upon the consecration of a new church,
the consecrating bishop embeds holy relics in the Altar Table, following the
ancient traditions of the church in performing the Eucharist on the tombs of
Martyrs (Martyria).
Rite. (Gr. Telete, Sl. Tchin). The performance of a
religious ceremony following a prescribed order of words and actions (typikon).
Rudder. (Gr. Pedalion). The book containing
the rules and regulations prescribed by the Ecumenical Synods and the Fathers.
It is the Constitution of the Orthodox Church.
-S-
Sacrament.
(Gr. Mysterion; Sl. Tainstvo). The outward and visible part of
religion consisting of various ceremonies, words and symbolisms, producing an
invisible action by the Holy Spirit that confers grace on an individual. All
Sacraments were instituted by Christ for the salvation of the believer (see
separate sections on the Sacraments and
the Sacramental Life in the Ortodox Church).
Sacrifice. (Gr. Thysia; Sl. Zhertva). The bloodless
offering to God, which is the Holy Eucharist offered at the Liturgy. It
signifies the sacrifice of Christ on the cross for man's salvation. Also, refer
to the article on the Dogmatic Tradition of the
Orthodox Church
Sacristy. (Gr. Skevophylakion; Sl. Riznitsa). A utility
room at the right side (south) of the altar, where vestments and sacred vessels
are kept and where the clergy vest for services. Saints. (Gr. Agios).
All holy men, women, and angels, who, through a pure and holy life on earth or
through martyrdom and confession of faith in word and deeds, have merited the
canonization of the Church. The saints and the other pious people who are in
glory with God constitute the "Triumphant Church" .
Saints: See the artilcle on: Saints in the
Orthodox Church.
Sakkos or Dalmatic. The main vestment worn by the
bishop during the Liturgy. It originates from the vestments of the Byzantine emperor.
Salutations. (see Akathistos hymn).
Schism. Formal separation from the unity of the one true Church.
Although the Christian Church has witnessed several schisms, the most
disastrous was the separation of the Greek Eastern and the Roman Western Church
in 1054, dividing Christendom into two parts (see separate section on church history).
See. (Gr. Hedra or Thronos). The official "seat"
or city capital where a bishop resides (esp. for a large jurisdiction); hence,
the territory of his entire jurisdiction may be called his See.
Service books. They are special books containing the hymns or the
services of the Orthodox Church. There are eight as follows: Gospel (Evangelion),
Book of Epistles (Apostolos), Psalter (Octoechos or paraklitiki),
Triodion, Pentecostarion, Twelve Menaia, Horologion,
and Service or Liturgy book (Euchologio or Ieratiko).
Service Book or Ieratikon or Litourgikon or Euchologio.(Sl. Sluzhebnik).
The liturgical book containing the prayers and ceremonial order of the various
church services including the Liturgy.
Sign of the Cross. The Orthodox make the Sign of the Cross to signify
their belief in the sacrifice of Christ upon the cross for man's salvation. It
is made by the right hand in a cruciform gesture touching the forehead, chest,
right and left shoulders with the tips of fingers (the thumb, index and middle
finger joined together as a symbol of the Holy Trinity, the ring and little
finger touching the palm as a symbol of the two Natures of Christ).
Solea. An area with elevated floor in front of the iconostasis of the
church, where the various rites and church ceremonies are held.
See also the article on:
ORTHODOX ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Soteriology. Theological field studying the mission and work of Christ as Redeemer (Soter). Also, refer to the article on the Dogmatic Tradition of the Orthodox Church.
Sphragis.
(see prosphoro).
Spiritual relationship. (see affinity).
Stavropegion. Monastery or monastic community directly under the
jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Stichar. (see Alb)
Subdeacon. (Gr. hypodiakonos). A laymen who has received a
special blessing by the bishop to serve in the church, assisting in the
services and ceremonies.
Synaxarion .
A brief biography of a saint read in the church on occasions of his feast day.
Book or books containing lives of the saints.
Synaxis.
(Gr. "assembly;" Sl. Sobor). A gathering of the faithful in
honor of a saint or for reading passages from his biography (synaxarion).
Synod. (see Ecumenical Council).
-T-
Tabernacle.
(Gr. Artophorion; Sl. Darochranitelnitsa). An elaborate ark or
receptacle kept on the Altar Table, in which the Holy Gifts of the Eucharist
are preserved for the communion of the sick, or for the Liturgy of the
Presanctified Gifts during Lent.
Thaumatourgos. (Gr. "miracle-worker;" Sl. Chudotvorets).
A title given to some saints distinguished among the faithful for their
miracles.
Theotokos. A theological term commonly used by the
Orthodox to indicate the doctrinal significance of Virgin Mary as Mother of
God.
Theotokion. (Gr. "referring to Theotokos;" Sl. Bogorodichey).
A hymn which refers to or praises Theotokos, the Mother of God.
Three hierarchs. The Orthodox Church considers in particular three
bishops (hierarches) of the Church as Her most important Teachers and Fathers,
who contributed to the development and the spiritual growth of the Church. They
are St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory the Theologian, and St. John Chrysostom.
Their feast day is observed on January 30, a day also dedicated to Hellenic
letters since the three hierarchs contributed to the development of Greek
Christian education and literature.
Titular bishop. An auxiliary bishop without his own territorial or
residential diocese, who is usually assisting a senior bishop with a large
jurisdiction (Archbishop or Patriarch). The episcopal title of a titular
bishop is taken from an ancient diocese which once flourished but now
exists only in name, and, therefore, a titular bishop does not have his own jurisdiction.
Tradition, Orthodox. (Gr. Paradosis).
The transmission of the doctrine or the customs of the Orthodox Church through
the centuries, basically by word of mouth from generation to generation.
Transfiguration. (Gr. Metamorphosis). The transfiguration of
Christ is a major feast day (August 6) commemorating the appearance of Christ
in divine glory along with Moses and the prophet Elias on Mount Tabor (cf.
Matt. V: 1-7).
Triodion. (Gr. three odes or modes).
The period between the Sunday of the Pharisee and the Publican, and Cheese-Fare Sunday.
A Liturgical book containing the hymns, prayers and services of the movable feast before Easter, beginning with the Sunday of the Pharisee and the Publican until Easter Sunday.
Trisagion. (Gr. thrice-holy).
One of the most ancient hymns of the church used by the Orthodox in every prayer or service: "Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy upon us."
Memorial Service performed by the graveside or in church for the repose of the soul.
Typikon. (Gr. following the order; Sl. Sluzhebnik). Liturgical book which contains instructions about the order of the various church services and ceremonies in the form of a perpetual calendar.
-U-
Unleavened
bread. Used in the eucharist in Latin (Western) churches.
Unction. (see Chrism).
Uniats. (see Byzantine Rite).
-V-
Vespers. (Gr. Esperinos; Sl. Litiya). An
important service of the Orthodox Church, held in the evening, which is mainly
a Thanksgiving prayer for the closing day and a welcome of the new one to come
the following morning. On the eve of an important holiday, the Vesper Service
includes Artoclasia or the blessing of the five loaves (Gr. artos;
Sl. Litiya) for health and the well-being of the faithful.
Vestments. (Gr. Amphia). The distinctive
garments worn by the clergy in the liturgy and the other church services
See also:
· Epigonation
· Epitrachelion
· Omophorion
· Orarion
· Rason
· Sakkos
· Sticharion
· Zone
Vigil. (Gr. olonychtia). Spiritual exercises during the night preceding the feast day of a saint or another major feast, observed by various spiritual preparations, prayers and services.
-Y-
Year
of the Church. (see calendar).
-Z-
Zeon. (Gr. "boiling"). The hot water used by the
priest for the Eucharist. It is added to the chalice during the Communion hymn
in commemoration of the water that flowed out of the side of the crucified
Christ when he was pierced with the spear.
Zone. The belt or girdle worn by the priests on his stichar.
It signifies the power of faith.
ABBREVIATIONS
appr. = approximately
Ar. = Arabic
Aram. = Aramaic
cf. = see, check
esp. = especially
fem. = feminine n. = neuter
Gr. = Greek
Hebr. = Hebrew
Lat. = Latin
masc. = masculine
Sl. = Slavonic
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